Factor XIa macrocyclic inhibitors bearing alkyl or cycloalkyl P2&#39; moieties

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I): or stereoisomers, tautomers, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein all the variables are as defined herein. These compounds are selective factor XIa inhibitors or dual inhibitors of FXIa and plasma kallikrein. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods of treating thromboembolic and/or inflammatory disorders using the same.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/044361, filed Jul. 28, 2016, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/198,181, filed Jul. 29, 2015, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to novel macrocyclic compounds, and their analogues thereof, which are inhibitors of factor XIa and/or plasma kallikrein, compositions containing them, and methods of using them, for example, for the treatment or prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders, or for the treatment of retinal vascular permeability associated with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Thromboembolic diseases remain the leading cause of death in developed countries despite the availability of anticoagulants such as warfarin (COUMADIN®), heparin, low molecular weight heparins (LMWH), and synthetic pentasaccharides and antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and clopidogrel (PLAVIX®). The oral anticoagulant warfarin, inhibits the post-translational maturation of coagulation factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin, and has proven effective in both venous and arterial thrombosis. However, its usage is limited due to its narrow therapeutic index, slow onset of therapeutic effect, numerous dietary and drug interactions, and a need for monitoring and dose adjustment. Thus discovering and developing safe and efficacious oral anticoagulants for the prevention and treatment of a wide range of thromboembolic disorders has become increasingly important.

One approach is to inhibit thrombin generation by targeting the inhibition of coagulation factor XIa (FXIa). Factor XIa is a plasma serine protease involved in the regulation of blood coagulation, which is initiated in vivo by the binding of tissue factor (TF) to factor VII (FVII) to generate factor VIIa (FVIIa). The resulting TF:FVIIa complex activates factor IX (FIX) and factor X (FX) that leads to the production of factor Xa (FXa). The generated FXa catalyzes the transformation of prothrombin into small amounts of thrombin before this pathway is shut down by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). The process of coagulation is then further propagated via the feedback activation of Factors V, VIII and XI by catalytic amounts of thrombin. (Gailani, D. et al., Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 27:2507-2513 (2007).) The resulting burst of thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin that polymerizes to form the structural framework of a blood clot, and activates platelets, which are a key cellular component of coagulation (Hoffman, M., Blood Reviews, 17:S1-S5 (2003)). Therefore, factor XIa plays a key role in propagating this amplification loop and is thus an attractive target for anti-thrombotic therapy.

Plasma prekallikrein is a zymogen of a trypsin-like serine protease and is present in plasma at 35 to 50 μg/mL. The gene structure is similar to that of factor XI. Overall, the amino acid sequence of plasma kallikrein has 58% homology to factor XI. Plasma kallikrein is thought to play a role in a number of inflammatory disorders. The major inhibitor of plasma kallikrein is the serpin C1 esterase inhibitor. Patients who present with a genetic deficiency in C1 esterase inhibitor suffer from hereditary angioedema (HAE) which results in intermittent swelling of face, hands, throat, gastro-intestinal tract and genitals. Blisters formed during acute episodes contain high levels of plasma kallikrein which cleaves high molecular weight kininogen liberating bradykinin leading to increased vascular permeability. Treatment with a large protein plasma kallikrein inhibitor has been shown to effectively treat HAE by preventing the release of bradykinin which causes increased vascular permeability (A. Lehmann “Ecallantide (DX-88), a plasma kallikrein inhibitor for the treatment of hereditary angioedema and the prevention of blood loss in on-pump cardiothoracic surgery” Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 8, p 1187-99).

The plasma kallikrein-kinin system is abnormally abundant in patients with advanced diabetic macular edema. It has been recently published that plasma kallikrein contributes to retinal vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats (A. Clermont et al. “Plasma kallikrein mediates retinal vascular dysfunction and induces retinal thickening in diabetic rats” Diabetes, 2011, 60, p 1590-98). Furthermore, administration of the plasma kallikrein inhibitor ASP-440 ameliorated both retinal vascular permeability and retinal blood flow abnormalities in diabetic rats. Therefore, a plasma kallikrein inhibitor should have utility as a treatment to reduce retinal vascular permeability associated with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Other complications of diabetes such as cerebral hemorrhage, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy and neuropathy, all of which have associations with plasma kallikrein may also be considered as targets for a plasma kallikrein inhibitor.

To date, no small molecule synthetic plasma kallikrein inhibitor has been approved for medical use. The large protein plasma kallikrein inhibitors present risks of anaphylactic reactions, as has been reported for Ecallantide. Thus there remains a need for compounds that inhibit plasma kallikrein, that do not induce anaphylaxis and that are orally available. Furthermore, the molecules in the known art feature a highly polar and ionizable guanidine or amidine functionality. It is well known that such functionalities may be limiting to gut permeability and therefore to oral availability.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel macrocyclic compounds, their analogues, including stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or solvates thereof, which are useful as selective inhibitors of serine protease enzymes, especially factor XIa and/or plasma kallikrein.

The present invention also provides processes and intermediates for making the compounds of the present invention.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one of the compounds of the present invention or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or solvates thereof.

The compounds of the invention may be used in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders.

The compounds of the invention may be used in the treatment of retinal vascular permeability associated with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema.

The compounds of the present invention may be used in therapy.

The compounds of the present invention may be used for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a thromboembolic disorder.

The compounds of the invention can be used alone, in combination with other compounds of the present invention, or in combination with one or more, preferably one to two other agent(s).

These and other features of the invention will be set forth in expanded form as the disclosure continues.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides, inter alia, a compound of Formula (I):

or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, wherein:

L is independently selected from

---- is an optional bond;

Q is independently selected from O, NH, and CH₂;

Y is independently selected from N and CR⁷;

W is independently selected from —C(O)NH, —NHC(O)—, and —NHC(O)CH₂—;

ring A is independently selected from

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H, halogen, C1-4 alkyl substituted with 0-4 Re, ORb, and C3-5 cycloalkyl substituted with 1-4 R6;

alternatively, two adjacent R1 groups form a bond;

R3 is independently selected from H, C1-4 alkyl substituted with 1-5 R5, C2-4 alkenyl substituted with 1-5 R5, C2-4 alkynyl substituted with 1-5 R5, —(CH2)n-CN, —(CH2)n-ORb, —(CH2)n-OC(═O)NRaRa, —(CH2)n-NRaRa, —(CH2)n-C(═O)Rb, —(CH2)n-C(═O)ORb, —(CH2)n-NRaC(═O)ORb, —(CH2)n-NRaC(═O)Rb, —(CH2)n-NRaC(N—CN)NRaRa, —(CH2)n-NRaC(NH)NRaRa, —(CH2)n-N═CRbNRaRa, —(CH2)n-NRaC(═O)NRaRa, —(CH2)n-C(═O)NRaRa, —(CH2)n-NRaC(═S)NRaC(═O)Rb, —(CH2)n-S(═O)pRc, —(CH2)n-S(═O)pNRaRa, —(CH2)n-NRaS(═O)pNRaRa, —(CH2)n-NRaS(═O)pRc, —(CRdRd)n-C3-10 carbocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R5, and —(CRdRd)n-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R5; optionally, two adjacent R3 groups on the carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl may form a ring substituted with 1-5 R5;

R3a is independently selected from H and C1-4alkyl;

alternatively, R3a and R3 are taken together to form a C3-6 carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring comprising carbon atoms and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, NR3b, S, wherein the carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is substituted with R3c;

alternatively, R3a and R11 are taken together to form a C3-6 carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring comprising carbon atoms and 1-3 hetero atoms selected from N, NR3b, O, and S, wherein the carbocylic or heterocyclic ring is substituted with R3c;

R3b is independently selected from H, C1-4 alkyl substituted with 1-5 R5, —(CH2)n-C(═O)Rb, —(CH2)n-C(═O)ORb, —(CH2)n-C(═O)NRaRa, —(CH2)n-NHC(═O)ORb, —(CH2)n-S(═O)pRc, —(CH2)n-S(═O)pNRaRa, —(CRdRd)n-C3-10 carbocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R5, and —(CRdRd)n-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R5;

R3c is independently selected from H, NO2, ═O, halogen, C1-4 alkyl substituted with 1-5 R5, C2-4 alkenyl substituted with 1-5 R5, C2-4 alkynyl substituted with 1-5 R5, CN, —(CH2)n-ORb, —(CH2)n-NRaRa, —(CH2)n-C(═O)Rb, —(CH2)n-C(═O)ORb, —(CH2)n-NRaC(═O)ORb, —(CH2)n-NRaC(═O)Rb, —(CH2)n-NRaC(N—CN)NRaRa, —(CH2)n-NRaC(NH)NRaRa, —(CH2)n-N═CRbNRaRa, —(CH2)n-NRaC(═O)NRaRa, —(CH2)n-C(═O)NRaRa, —(CH2)n-NRaC(═S)NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CR_(d)R_(d))_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, and —(CR_(d)R_(d))_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵;

R⁴ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, —(CH₂)_(n)NR^(a)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰, —(CH₂)_(n)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(N—CN)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(NH)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—N═CR^(b)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═S)NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰, and —(CH₂)_(n)-4-6 membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰;

R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, D, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), ═O, —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)CN, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —O-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R⁶ is independently selected from H, OH, ═O, —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)CN, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—OC₁₋₄ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocycle substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocycle substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocycle substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R⁷ is independently selected from H, CN, OR^(b), halogen, NR^(a)R^(a), and C₁₋₃ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

-   -   R⁸ is independently selected from H, OH, F, Cl, Br, C₁₋₄ alkyl,         C₁₋₄ alkoxy, CF₃, CN, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, and 5- to         6-membered heterocycle;     -   R¹⁰, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,         halogen, CN, NO₂, ═O, C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═O)OR^(b),         —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), C(═NOH)NH₂, C₁₋₆         alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with         0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), aryl         substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl         substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—O-4- to 10-membered         heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R¹¹ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl, and aryl;

-   -   R^(a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,         C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted         with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e),         —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and         —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e); or R^(a) and         R^(a) together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both         attached form a heterocyclic ring substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R^(b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R^(c), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₃₋₆carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl;

R^(d), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H and C₁₋₄alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R^(e), at each occurrence, is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, ═O, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(f), C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl, CO₂H, —(CH₂)_(n)OR^(f), SR^(f), and —(CH₂)_(n)NR^(f)R^(f);

R^(f), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₅ alkyl optionally substituted with F, Cl, Br, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl, or R^(f) and R^(f) together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached form a heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl;

n, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4;

p, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, and 2; and

q, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 1 and 2;

provided when q is 1, W is —C(O)NH; when q is 2; W is —NHC(O)— or NHC(O)CH₂.

In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of the first aspect, wherein:

L is independently selected from

W is independently selected from —C(O)NH, —NHC(O)—, and —NHC(O)CH₂—;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(b), and C₃₋₅ cycloalkyl;

alternatively, two adjacent R¹ groups form a bond;

R³ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, C₂₋₄ alkenyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, C₂₋₄ alkynyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)—CN, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(═S)NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋ ₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, and —(CH₂)_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵; optionally, two adjacent R³ groups on the carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl may form a ring substituted with 1-5 R⁵;

R^(3a) is independently selected from H and C₁₋₄alkyl;

alternatively, R^(3a) and R³ are taken together to form a C₃₋₆ carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring comprising carbon atoms and 1-3 NR^(3b), wherein the carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is substituted with R^(3c);

alternatively, R^(3a) and R¹¹ are taken together to form heterocyclic ring comprising carbon atoms and 1-3 NR^(3b), wherein the heterocyclic ring is substituted with R^(3c);

R^(3b) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NHC(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CR_(d)R_(d))_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, and —(CR_(d)R_(d))_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵;

R^(3c) is independently selected from H, NO₂, ═O, halogen, and C₁₋₄alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵;

R⁴ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰, —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰, and —(CH₂)_(n)-4-6 membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰;

R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, D, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), ═O, —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)CN, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —O-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R⁷ is independently selected from H, OR^(b), halogen, NR^(a)R^(a), and C₁₋₃ alkyl;

R¹⁰, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂, ═O, C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), C(═NOH)NH₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), aryl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—O-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R¹¹ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl, and aryl;

R^(a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(c); or R^(a) and R^(a) together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached form a heterocyclic ring substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R^(b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R_(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R^(c), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₃₋₆carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl;

R^(e), at each occurrence, is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, ═O, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(f), C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl, CO₂H, —(CH₂)_(n)OR^(f), SR^(f), and —(CH₂)_(n)NR^(f)R^(f);

R^(f), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₅ alkyl optionally substituted with F, Cl, Br, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl, or R^(f) and R^(f) together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached form a heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl;

n, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4;

p, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, and 2;

q, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 1 and 2;

provided when q is 1, W is —C(O)NH; when q is 2; W is —NHC(O)— or NHC(O)CH₂.

In a third aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (II):

or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of the first or second aspect, wherein:

W is independently selected from —C(O)NH, —NHC(O)—, and —NHC(O)CH₂—;

-   -   ring A is independently selected from

-   -   R¹ and R² are independently selected from H, halogen, C₁₋₄         alkyl, and OH;

alternatively, two adjacent R¹ groups form a bond;

R³ is independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n)—CN, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a);

R^(3a) is independently selected from H and C₁₋₄ alkyl;

alternatively, R^(3a) and R³ are taken together to form a heterocyclic ring selected from

alternatively, R^(3a) and R¹¹ are taken together to form a heterocyclic ring comprising carbon atoms and 1-3 NR^(3b), wherein the heterocyclic ring is substituted with R^(3c);

R^(3b) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NHC(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CR_(d)R_(d))_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, and —(CR_(d)R_(d))_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵;

R^(3c) is independently selected from H, ═O, and C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵;

R^(4a) is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, OCH₃, OCF₃, CH₃, C(═O)CH₃, CHF₂, CF₃, CCH₃F₂, OCHF₂, aryl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and 4-6 membered heterocycle, wherein said aryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycle is optionally substituted with R¹⁰;

R^(4b) is independently selected from H and halogen;

R^(4c) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and OCH₃;

R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, D, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), ═O, —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)CN, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —O-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R⁷ is independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl;

-   -   R¹⁰, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,         halogen, CN, NO₂, ═O, C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═O)OR^(b),         —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), C(═NOH)NH₂, C₁₋₆         alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with         0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), aryl         substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl         substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—O-4- to 10-membered         heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R¹¹ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl, and aryl;

R^(a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e); or R^(a) and R^(a) together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached form a heterocyclic ring substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R^(b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R^(c), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₃₋₆carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl;

R^(e), at each occurrence, is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, ═O, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(f), C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl, CO₂H, —(CH₂)_(n)OR^(f), SR^(f), and —(CH₂)_(n)NR^(f)R^(f);

R^(f), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₅ alkyl optionally substituted with F, Cl, Br, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl, or R^(f) and R^(f) together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached form a heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl;

n, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4;

p, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, and 2; and

q, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 1 and 2.

In a fourth aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (III):

or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the first, second and third aspects, wherein:

R³ is independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n)—CN, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), and —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a);

R^(4a) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, Br, CN, OCH₃, OCF₃, CH₃, C(═O)C₁₋₄alkyl, C(═O)OC₁₋₄alkyl, CHF₂, CF₃, CCH₃F₂, OCHF₂,

R^(4b) is independently selected from H and F;

R^(4c) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and OCH₃;

-   -   R¹⁰, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, F,         Cl, Br, C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b),         —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(c),         aryl substituted with 0-5 R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl         substituted with 0-5 R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—O-4- to 10-membered         heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e).     -   R^(a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,         C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted         with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e),         —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and         —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R^(b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R^(e), at each occurrence, is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, ═O, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(f), C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl, CO₂H, —(CH₂)_(n)OR^(f), SR^(f), and —(CH₂)_(n)NR^(f)R^(f);

R^(f), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₅ alkyl optionally substituted with F, Cl, Br, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl; and

n, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

In a fifth aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (III),

or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the first, second, third, and fourth aspects, wherein:

R³ is independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n)—CN, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b), and —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)OR^(b);

is independently selected from

-   -   R¹⁰, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, F,         Cl, Br, C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b),         —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e),         aryl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl         substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—O-4- to 10-membered         heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e); and

n, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3.

In a sixth aspect, the present disclosures provides a compound of Formula (IV):

or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the first, second and third aspects, wherein:

R^(3a) is independently selected from H and C₁₋₄ alkyl;

alternatively, R^(3a) and R¹¹ are taken together to form

R^(3b) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), and —(CH₂)_(n)—NHC(═O)OR^(b);

R^(3c) is independently selected from H and ═O;

is independently selected from

-   -   R¹¹ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl, and phenyl;     -   R^(a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H,         C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted         with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e),         —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and         —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R^(b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e);

R^(e), at each occurrence, is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, ═O, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl, and CO₂H; and

n, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3.

In a seventh aspect, the present disclosures provides a compound of Formula (V):

or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the first, second, and third aspects, wherein:

R^(3b) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₄alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OH, and —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OC₁₋₄alkyl;

R^(3c) is independently selected from H and ═O;

is independently selected from

and

n, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3.

In an eighth aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (VI),

or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the first, second, and third aspects, wherein:

----- is an optional bond;

-   -   R³ is H;

R^(3a) is H;

alternatively, R^(3a) and R³ are taken together to form

R^(3c) is independently selected from H and ═O; and

is independently selected from

In a ninth aspect, the present invention provides a compound selected from the exemplified examples or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound selected from any subset list of compounds within the scope of the eighth aspect.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention have Factor XIa Ki values≤10 μM, using the assays disclosed herein, preferably, Ki values≤1 μM, more preferably, Ki values≤0.5 μM, even more preferably, Ki values≤0.1 μM.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention have plasma kallikrein Ki values≤15 μM, using the assays disclosed herein, preferably, Ki values≤10 μM, more preferably, Ki values≤1.0 μM, even more preferably, Ki values≤0.5 μM.

II. Other Embodiments of the Invention

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising at least one of the compounds of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one of the compounds of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate, thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising: a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a process for making a compound of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an intermediate for making a compound of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising additional therapeutic agent(s). In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides pharmaceutical composition, wherein the additional therapeutic agent(s) are an anti-platelet agent or a combination thereof. Preferably, the anti-platelet agent(s) are clopidogrel and/or aspirin, or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a thromboembolic disorder comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment and/or prophylaxis a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, for use in therapy.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, for use in therapy for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a thromboembolic disorder.

In another embodiment, the present invention also provides the use of a compound of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a thromboembolic disorder.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treatment and/or prophylaxis of a thromboembolic disorder, comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a first and second therapeutic agent, wherein the first therapeutic agent is a compound of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, and the second therapeutic agent is at least one agent selected from a factor Xa inhibitor such as apixaban, rivaroxaban, betrixaban, edoxaban, an anti-coagulant agent, an anti-platelet agent, a thrombin inhibiting agent such as dabigatran, a thrombolytic agent, and a fibrinolytic agent. Preferably, the second therapeutic agent is at least one agent selected from warfarin, unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, synthetic pentasaccharide, hirudin, argatroban, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, sulindac, indomethacin, mefenamate, droxicam, diclofenac, sulfinpyrazone, piroxicam, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, tirofiban, eptifibatide, abciximab, melagatran, desulfatohirudin, tissue plasminogen activator, modified tissue plasminogen activator, anistreplase, urokinase, and streptokinase. Preferably, the second therapeutic agent is at least one anti-platelet agent. Preferably, the anti-platelet agent(s) are clopidogrel and/or aspirin, or a combination thereof.

The thromboembolic disorder includes arterial cardiovascular thromboembolic disorders, venous cardiovascular thromboembolic disorders, arterial cerebrovascular thromboembolic disorders, and venous cerebrovascular thromboembolic disorders. Examples of the thromboembolic disorder include, but are not limited to, unstable angina, an acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation, first myocardial infarction, recurrent myocardial infarction, ischemic sudden death, transient ischemic attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, peripheral occlusive arterial disease, venous thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, arterial embolism, coronary arterial thrombosis, cerebral arterial thrombosis, cerebral embolism, kidney embolism, pulmonary embolism, and thrombosis resulting from medical implants, devices, or procedures in which blood is exposed to an artificial surface that promotes thrombosis.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an inflammatory disorder comprising: administering to a patient in need of such treatment and/or prophylaxis a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof. Examples of the inflammatory disorder include, but are not limited to, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the prophylaxis of a disease or condition in which plasma kallikrein activity is implicated comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment and/or prophylaxis a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof.

The disease or condition in which plasma kallikrein activity is implicated includes, but not limited to, impaired visual acuity, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, hereditary angioedema, diabetes, pancreatitis, nephropathy, cardio myopathy, neuropathy, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, inflammation, septic shock, hypotension, cancer, adult respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a combined preparation of a compound of the present invention and additional therapeutic agent(s) for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in therapy.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a combined preparation of a compound of the present invention and additional therapeutic agent(s) for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treatment and/or prophylaxis of a thromboembolic disorder.

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. This invention encompasses all combinations of preferred aspects of the invention noted herein. It is understood that any and all embodiments of the present invention may be taken in conjunction with any other embodiment or embodiments to describe additional embodiments. It is also to be understood that each individual element of the embodiments is its own independent embodiment. Furthermore, any element of an embodiment is meant to be combined with any and all other elements from any embodiment to describe an additional embodiment.

III. Chemistry

Throughout the specification and the appended claims, a given chemical formula or name shall encompass all stereo and optical isomers and racemates thereof where such isomers exist. Unless otherwise indicated, all chiral (enantiomeric and diastereomeric) and racemic forms are within the scope of the invention. Many geometric isomers of C═C double bonds, C═N double bonds, ring systems, and the like can also be present in the compounds, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present invention. Cis- and trans- (or E- and Z-) geometric isomers of the compounds of the present invention are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms. The present compounds can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Optically active forms may be prepared by resolution of racemic forms or by synthesis from optically active starting materials. All processes used to prepare compounds of the present invention and intermediates made therein are considered to be part of the present invention. When enantiomeric or diastereomeric products are prepared, they may be separated by conventional methods, for example, by chromatography or fractional crystallization. Depending on the process conditions the end products of the present invention are obtained either in free (neutral) or salt form. Both the free form and the salts of these end products are within the scope of the invention. If so desired, one form of a compound may be converted into another form. A free base or acid may be converted into a salt; a salt may be converted into the free compound or another salt; a mixture of isomeric compounds of the present invention may be separated into the individual isomers. Compounds of the present invention, free form and salts thereof, may exist in multiple tautomeric forms, in which hydrogen atoms are transposed to other parts of the molecules and the chemical bonds between the atoms of the molecules are consequently rearranged. It should be understood that all tautomeric forms, insofar as they may exist, are included within the invention.

The term “stereoisomer” refers to isomers of identical constitution that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space. Enantiomers and diastereomers are examples of stereoisomers. The term “enantiomer” refers to one of a pair of molecular species that are mirror images of each other and are not superimposable. The term “diastereomer” refers to stereoisomers that are not mirror images. The term “racemate” or “racemic mixture” refers to a composition composed of equimolar quantities of two enantiomeric species, wherein the composition is devoid of optical activity.

The symbols “R” and “S” represent the configuration of substituents around a chiral carbon atom(s). The isomeric descriptors “R” and “S” are used as described herein for indicating atom configuration(s) relative to a core molecule and are intended to be used as defined in the literature (IUPAC Recommendations 1996, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 68:2193-2222 (1996)).

The term “chiral” refers to the structural characteristic of a molecule that makes it impossible to superimpose it on its mirror image. The term “homochiral” refers to a state of enantiomeric purity. The term “optical activity” refers to the degree to which a homochiral molecule or nonracemic mixture of chiral molecules rotates a plane of polarized light.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” or “alkylene” is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms. For example, “C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl” or “C₁₋₁₀ alkyl” (or alkylene), is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, and C₁₀ alkyl groups. Additionally, for example, “C₁ to C₆ alkyl” or “C₁-C₆ alkyl” denotes alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one hydrogen being replaced by another chemical group. Example alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl), and pentyl (e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl). When “C₀ alkyl” or “C₀ alkylene” is used, it is intended to denote a direct bond.

“Alkynyl” or “alkynylene” is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either straight or branched configuration having one or more, preferably one to three, carbon—carbon triple bonds that may occur in any stable point along the chain. For example, “C₂ to C₆ alkynyl” or “C₂₋₆ alkynyl” (or alkynylene), is intended to include C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, and C₆ alkynyl groups; such as ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, and hexynyl.

The term “alkoxy” or “alkyloxy” refers to an —O-alkyl group. “C₁ to C₆ alkoxy” or “C₁₋₆ alkoxy” (or alkyloxy), is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, and C₆ alkoxy groups. Example alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), and t-butoxy. Similarly, “alkylthio” or “thioalkoxy” represents an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through a sulphur bridge; for example methyl-S— and ethyl-S—.

“Halo” or “halogen” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo. “Haloalkyl” is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms, substituted with 1 or more halogens. Examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, pentachloroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, and heptachloropropyl. Examples of haloalkyl also include “fluoroalkyl” that is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms, substituted with 1 or more fluorine atoms.

“Haloalkoxy” or “haloalkyloxy” represents a haloalkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge. For example, “C₁ to C₆ haloalkoxy” or “C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy”, is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, and C₆ haloalkoxy groups. Examples of haloalkoxy include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, and pentafluorothoxy. Similarly, “haloalkylthio” or “thiohaloalkoxy” represents a haloalkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through a sulphur bridge; for example trifluoromethyl-S—, and pentafluoroethyl-S—.

The term “amino,” as used herein, refers to —NH₂.

The term “substituted amino,” as used herein, refers to the defined terms below having the suffix “amino” such as “arylamino,” “alkylamino,” “arylamino,” etc.

The term “alkoxycarbonyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

The term “alkoxycarbonylamino,” as used herein, refers to an —NHR wherein R is an alkoxycarbonyl group.

The term “alkylamino,” as used herein refers to —NHR, wherein R is an alkyl group.

The term “alkylcarbonyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

The term “alkylcarbonylamino,” as used herein, refers to —NHR wherein R is an alkylcarbonyl group.

The term “aminosulfonyl,” as used herein, refers to —SO₂NH₂.

The term “arylalkyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three aryl groups.

The term “arylamino,” as used herein, refers to —NHR wherein R is an aryl group.

The term “arylcarbonyl,” as used herein, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

The term “arylcarbonylamino,” as used herein refers to —NHR wherein R is an arylcarbonyl group.

The term “carbonyl,” as used herein, refers to —C(O)—.

The term “cyano,” as used herein, refers to —CN.

The term “cycloalkylamino,” as used herein, refers to —NHR wherein R is a cycloalkyl group.

The term “cycloalkylcarbonyl,” as used herein, refers to a cycloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

The term “cycloalkylcarbonylamino,” as used herein, refers to —NHR wherein R is a cycloalkylcarbonyl group.

The term “cycloalkyloxy,” as used herein, refers to a cycloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.

The term “dialkylamino,” as used herein, refers to NR₂, wherein each R is an alkyl group. The two alkyl groups are the same or different.

The term “haloalkoxy,” as used herein, refers to a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.

The term “haloalkyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted by one, two, three, or four halogen atoms.

The term “haloalkylamino,” as used herein, refers to —NHR wherein R is a haloalkyl group.

The term “carbonyl” refers to C(═O).

The term “carboxy” refers to C(═O)OH.

The term “haloalkylcarbonyl,” as used herein, refers to a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

The term “haloalkylcarbonylamino,” as used herein, refers to —NHR wherein R is a haloalkylcarbonyl group.

The terms “alkylcarbonyl” refer to an alkyl or substituted alkyl bonded to a carbonyl.

The term “alkoxycarbonyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

The term “hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” refers to OH.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to cyclized alkyl groups, including mono-, bi- or poly-cyclic ring systems. “C₃ to C₇ cycloalkyl” or “C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl” is intended to include C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, and C₇ cycloalkyl groups. Example cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and norbornyl. Branched cycloalkyl groups such as 1-methylcyclopropyl and 2-methylcyclopropyl are included in the definition of “cycloalkyl”.

As used herein, “carbocycle” or “carbocyclic residue” is intended to mean any stable 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered monocyclic or bicyclic or 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, or 13-membered bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbon ring, any of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, unsaturated or aromatic. Examples of such carbocycles include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl, cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl, [3.3.0]bicyclooctane, [4.3.0]bicyclononane, [4.4.0]bicyclodecane (decalin), [2.2.2]bicyclooctane, fluorenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, adamantyl, anthracenyl, and tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralin). As shown above, bridged rings are also included in the definition of carbocycle (e.g., [2.2.2]bicyclooctane). Preferred carbocycles, unless otherwise specified, are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, and indanyl. When the term “carbocycle” is used, it is intended to include “aryl”. A bridged ring occurs when one or more carbon atoms link two non-adjacent carbon atoms. Preferred bridges are one or two carbon atoms. It is noted that a bridge always converts a monocyclic ring into a tricyclic ring. When a ring is bridged, the substituents recited for the ring may also be present on the bridge.

As used herein, the term “bicyclic carbocycle” or “bicyclic carbocyclic group” is intended to mean a stable 9- or 10-membered carbocyclic ring system that contains two fused rings and consists of carbon atoms. Of the two fused rings, one ring is a benzo ring fused to a second ring; and the second ring is a 5- or 6-membered carbon ring which is saturated, partially unsaturated, or unsaturated. The bicyclic carbocyclic group may be attached to its pendant group at any carbon atom which results in a stable structure. The bicyclic carbocyclic group described herein may be substituted on any carbon if the resulting compound is stable. Examples of a bicyclic carbocyclic group are, but not limited to, naphthyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, and indanyl.

“Aryl” groups refer to monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, and phenanthranyl. Aryl moieties are well known and described, for example, in Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary (13th Ed.), Lewis, R. J., ed., J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1997). “C₆ or C₁₀ aryl” or

“C₆₋₁₀ aryl” refers to phenyl and naphthyl. Unless otherwise specified, “aryl”, “C₆ or C₁₀ aryl” or “C₆₋₁₀ aryl” or “aromatic residue” may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 5 groups, preferably 1 to 3 groups, OH, OCH₃, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂, NH₂, N(CH₃)H, N(CH₃)₂, CF₃, OCF₃, C(═O)CH₃, SCH₃, S(═O)CH₃, S(═O)₂CH₃, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CO₂H, and CO₂CH₃.

The term “benzyl” as used herein, refers to a methyl group on which one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a phenyl group, wherein said phenyl group may optionally be substituted with 1 to 5 groups, preferably 1 to 3 groups, OH, OCH₃, Cl, F, Br, I, CN, NO₂, NH₂, N(CH₃)H, N(CH₃)₂, CF₃, OCF₃, C(═O)CH₃, SCH₃, S(═O)CH₃, S(═O)₂CH₃, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CO₂H, and CO₂CH₃.

As used herein, the term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic ring” is intended to mean a stable 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered monocyclic or bicyclic or 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, or 14-membered polycyclic heterocyclic ring that is saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated, and that contains carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; and including any polycyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized (i.e., N→O and S(O)_(p), wherein p is 0, 1 or 2). The nitrogen atom may be substituted or unsubstituted (i.e., N or NR wherein R is H or another substituent, if defined). The heterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure. The heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom if the resulting compound is stable. A nitrogen in the heterocycle may optionally be quaternized. It is preferred that when the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle exceeds 1, then these heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another. It is preferred that the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle is not more than 1. When the term “heterocycle” is used, it is intended to include heteroaryl.

Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, azetidinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, imidazolopyridinyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolopyridinyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolopyridinyl, oxazolidinylperimidinyl, oxindolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazolyl, pyridoimidazolyl, pyridothiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrazolyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl,

1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thiazolopyridinyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, and xanthenyl. Also included are fused ring and spiro compounds containing, for example, the above heterocycles.

Examples of 5- to 10-membered heterocycles include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl, indolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, thiadiazinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, benzimidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benztetrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, oxindolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, isatinoyl, isoquinolinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, isothiazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, imidazolopyridinyl, and pyrazolopyridinyl.

Examples of 5- to 6-membered heterocycles include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl, indolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, thiadiazinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl. Also included are fused ring and spiro compounds containing, for example, the above heterocycles.

As used herein, the term “bicyclic heterocycle” or “bicyclic heterocyclic group” is intended to mean a stable 9- or 10-membered heterocyclic ring system which contains two fused rings and consists of carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O and S. Of the two fused rings, one ring is a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic aromatic ring comprising a 5-membered heteroaryl ring, a 6-membered heteroaryl ring or a benzo ring, each fused to a second ring. The second ring is a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic ring which is saturated, partially unsaturated, or unsaturated, and comprises a 5-membered heterocycle, a 6-membered heterocycle or a carbocycle (provided the first ring is not benzo when the second ring is a carbocycle).

The bicyclic heterocyclic group may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure. The bicyclic heterocyclic group described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom if the resulting compound is stable. It is preferred that when the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle exceeds 1, then these heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another. It is preferred that the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle is not more than 1.

Examples of a bicyclic heterocyclic group are, but not limited to, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, 1H-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl,

5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinolinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuranyl, chromanyl,

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoxalinyl, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinazolinyl.

As used herein, the term “aromatic heterocyclic group” or “heteroaryl” is intended to mean stable monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that include at least one heteroatom ring member such as sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen. Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, furyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, indolyl, pyrroyl, oxazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzthiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, indazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, purinyl, carbazolyl, benzimidazolyl, indolinyl, benzodioxolanyl, and benzodioxane. Heteroaryl groups are substituted or unsubstituted. The nitrogen atom is substituted or unsubstituted (i.e., N or NR wherein R is H or another substituent, if defined). The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized (i.e., N→O and S(O)_(p), wherein p is 0, 1 or 2).

Bridged rings are also included in the definition of heterocycle. A bridged ring occurs when one or more atoms (i.e., C, O, N, or S) link two non-adjacent carbon or nitrogen atoms. Examples of bridged rings include, but are not limited to, one carbon atom, two carbon atoms, one nitrogen atom, two nitrogen atoms, and a carbon-nitrogen group. It is noted that a bridge always converts a monocyclic ring into a tricyclic ring. When a ring is bridged, the substituents recited for the ring may also be present on the bridge.

The term “counterion” is used to represent a negatively charged species such as chloride, bromide, hydroxide, acetate, and sulfate.

When a dotted ring is used within a ring structure, this indicates that the ring structure may be saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated.

As referred to herein, the term “substituted” means that at least one hydrogen atom is replaced with a non-hydrogen group, provided that normal valencies are maintained and that the substitution results in a stable compound. When a substituent is keto (i.e., ═O), then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced. Keto substituents are not present on aromatic moieties. When a ring system (e.g., carbocyclic or heterocyclic) is said to be substituted with a carbonyl group or a double bond, it is intended that the carbonyl group or double bond be part (i.e., within) of the ring. Ring double bonds, as used herein, are double bonds that are formed between two adjacent ring atoms (e.g., C═C, C═N, or N═N).

In cases wherein there are nitrogen atoms (e.g., amines) on compounds of the present invention, these may be converted to N-oxides by treatment with an oxidizing agent (e.g., mCPBA and/or hydrogen peroxides) to afford other compounds of this invention. Thus, shown and claimed nitrogen atoms are considered to cover both the shown nitrogen and its N-oxide (N→O) derivative.

When any variable occurs more than one time in any constituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, for example, if a group is shown to be substituted with 0-3 R groups, then said group may optionally be substituted with up to three R groups, and at each occurrence R is selected independently from the definition of R. Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting two atoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom on the ring. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom in which such substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a given formula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in such substituent. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms that are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and/or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic groups such as amines; and alkali or organic salts of acidic groups such as carboxylic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, and nitric; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, and isethionic.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound that contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1990), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

In addition, compounds of formula I may have prodrug forms. Any compound that will be converted in vivo to provide the bioactive agent (i.e., a compound of formula I) is a prodrug within the scope and spirit of the invention. Various forms of prodrugs are well known in the art. For examples of such prodrug derivatives, see:

-   a) Bundgaard, H., ed., Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985), and     Widder, K. et al., eds., Methods in Enzymology, 112:309-396,     Academic Press (1985); -   b) Bundgaard, H., Chapter 5, “Design and Application of Prodrugs,” A     Textbook of Drug Design and Development, pp. 113-191,     Krosgaard-Larsen, P. et al., eds., Harwood Academic Publishers     (1991); -   c) Bundgaard, H., Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 8:1-38 (1992); -   d) Bundgaard, H. et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 77:285 (1988); and -   e) Kakeya, N. et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 32:692 (1984).

Compounds containing a carboxy group can form physiologically hydrolyzable esters that serve as prodrugs by being hydrolyzed in the body to yield formula I compounds per se. Such prodrugs are preferably administered orally since hydrolysis in many instances occurs principally under the influence of the digestive enzymes. Parenteral administration may be used where the ester per se is active, or in those instances where hydrolysis occurs in the blood. Examples of physiologically hydrolyzable esters of compounds of formula I include C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkylbenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, indanyl, phthalyl, methoxymethyl, C₁₋₆ alkanoyloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., acetoxymethyl, pivaloyloxymethyl or propionyloxymethyl), C₁₋₆alkoxycarbonyloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methoxycarbonyl-oxymethyl or ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl, glycyloxymethyl, phenylglycyloxymethyl, (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)-methyl), and other well known physiologically hydrolyzable esters used, for example, in the penicillin and cephalosporin arts. Such esters may be prepared by conventional techniques known in the art.

Preparation of prodrugs is well known in the art and described in, for example, King, F. D., ed., Medicinal Chemistry: Principles and Practice, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK (1994); Testa, B. et al., Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism. Chemistry, Biochemistry and Enzymology, VCHA and Wiley-VCH, Zurich, Switzerland (2003); Wermuth, C. G., ed., The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1999).

The present invention is intended to include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include deuterium and tritium. Deuterium has one proton and one neutron in its nucleus and that has twice the mass of ordinary hydrogen. Deuterium can be represented by symbols such as “²H” or “D”. The term “deuterated” herein, by itself or used to modify a compound or group, refers to replacement of one or more hydrogen atom(s), which is attached to carbon(s), with a deuterium atom. Isotopes of carbon include ¹³C and ¹⁴C.

Isotopically-labeled compounds of the invention can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described herein, using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent otherwise employed. Such compounds have a variety of potential uses, e.g., as standards and reagents in determining the ability of a potential pharmaceutical compound to bind to target proteins or receptors, or for imaging compounds of this invention bound to biological receptors in vivo or in vitro.

“Stable compound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent. It is preferred that compounds of the present invention do not contain a N-halo, S(O)₂H, or S(O)H group.

The term “solvate” means a physical association of a compound of this invention with one or more solvent molecules, whether organic or inorganic. This physical association includes hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. The solvent molecules in the solvate may be present in a regular arrangement and/or a non-ordered arrangement. The solvate may comprise either a stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric amount of the solvent molecules. “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolable solvates. Exemplary solvates include, but are not limited to, hydrates, ethanolates, methanolates, and isopropanolates. Methods of solvation are generally known in the art.

Abbreviations as used herein, are defined as follows: “1×” for once, “2×” for twice, “3×” for thrice, “° C.” for degrees Celsius, “eq” for equivalent or equivalents, “g” for gram or grams, “mg” for milligram or milligrams, “L” for liter or liters, “mL” for milliliter or milliliters, “μL” for microliter or microliters, “N” for normal, “M” for molar, “mmol” for millimole or millimoles, “min” for minute or minutes, “h” for hour or hours, “rt” for room temperature, “RT” for retention time, “RBF” for round bottom flask, “atm” for atmosphere, “psi” for pounds per square inch, “conc.” for concentrate, “RCM” for ring-closing metathesis, “sat” or “sat'd” for saturated, “SFC” for supercritical fluid chromatography “MW” for molecular weight, “mp” for melting point, “ee” for enantiomeric excess, “MS” or “Mass Spec” for mass spectrometry, “ESI” for electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, “HR” for high resolution, “HRMS” for high resolution mass spectrometry, “LCMS” for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, “HPLC” for high pressure liquid chromatography, “RP HPLC” for reverse phase HPLC, “TLC” or “tlc” for thin layer chromatography, “NMR” for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, “nOe” for nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, “¹H” for proton, “δ” for delta, “s” for singlet, “d” for doublet, “t” for triplet, “q” for quartet, “m” for multiplet, “br” for broad, “Hz” for hertz, and “α”, “β”, “R”, “S”, “E”, and “Z” are stereochemical designations familiar to one skilled in the art.

-   Me methyl -   Et ethyl -   Pr propyl -   i-Pr isopropyl -   Bu butyl -   i-Bu isobutyl -   t-Bu tert-butyl -   Ph phenyl -   Bn benzyl -   Boc or BOC tert-butyloxycarbonyl -   Boc₂O di-tert-butyl dicarbonate -   AcOH or HOAc acetic acid -   AlCl₃ aluminum chloride -   AIBN Azobisisobutyronitrile -   BBr₃ boron tribromide -   BCl₃ boron trichloride -   BEMP     2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3-dimethylperhydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphorine -   BOP reagent benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium     hexafluorophosphate -   Burgess reagent 1-methoxy-N-triethylammoniosulfonyl-methanimidate -   Cbz carbobenzyloxy -   DCM or CH₂Cl₂ dichloromethane -   CH₃CN or ACN acetonitrile -   CDCl₃ deutero-chloroform -   CHCl₃ chloroform -   mCPBA or m-CPBA meta-chloroperbenzoic acid -   Cs₂CO₃ cesium carbonate -   Cu(OAc)₂ copper (II) acetate -   CuI copper(I) iodide -   CuSO₄ copper(II) sulfate -   Cy₂NMe N-cyclohexyl-N-methylcyclohexanamine -   DBU 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene -   DCE 1,2 dichloroethane -   DEA diethylamine -   Dess-Martin     1,1,1-tris(acetyloxy)-1,1-dihydro-1,2-beniziodoxol-3-(1H)-one -   DIC or DIPCDI diisopropylcarbodiimide -   DIEA, DIPEA or diisopropylethylamine -   Hunig's base -   DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine -   DME 1,2-dimethoxyethane -   DMF dimethyl formamide -   DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide -   cDNA complimentary DNA -   Dppp (R)-(+)-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane -   DuPhos (+)-1,2-bis((2S,5S)-2,5-diethylphospholano)benzene -   EDC N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide -   EDCI N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride -   EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid -   (S,S)-EtDuPhosRh(I)     (+)-1,2-bis((2S,5S)-2,5-diethylphospholano)benzene(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I)     trifluoromethanesulfonate -   Et₃N or TEA triethylamine -   EtOAc ethyl acetate -   Et₂O diethyl ether -   EtOH ethanol -   GMF glass microfiber filter -   Grubbs II     (1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene)dichloro     (phenylmethylene)(triycyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium -   HCl hydrochloric acid -   HATU O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium     hexafluorophosphate -   HEPES 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperaxine-1-ethanesulfonic acid -   Hex hexane -   HOBt or HOBT 1-hydroxybenzotriazole -   H₂O₂ hydrogen peroxide -   H₂SO₄ sulfuric acid -   IBX 2-iodoxybenzoic acid -   InCl₃ Indium(III) chloride -   Jones reagent CrO₃ in aqueous H₂SO₄, 2 M -   K₂CO₃ potassium carbonate -   K₂HPO₄ potassium phosphate dibasic -   K₃PO₄ potassium phosphate tribasic -   KOAc potassium acetate -   K₃PO₄ potassium phosphate -   LAH lithium aluminum hydride -   LG leaving group -   LiOH lithium hydroxide -   MeOH methanol -   MgSO₄ magnesium sulfate -   MsOH or MSA methylsulfonic acid -   NaCl sodium chloride -   NaH sodium hydride -   NaHCO₃ sodium bicarbonate -   Na₂CO₃ sodium carbonate -   NaOH sodium hydroxide -   Na₂SO₃ sodium sulfite -   Na₂SO₄ sodium sulfate -   NBS N-bromosuccinimide -   NCS N-chlorosuccinimide -   NH₃ ammonia -   NH₄Cl ammonium chloride -   NH₄OH ammonium hydroxide -   NH₄COOH ammonium formate -   NMM N-methylmorpholine -   OTf triflate or trifluoromethanesulfonate -   Pd₂(dba)₃ tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) -   Pd(OAc)₂ palladium(II) acetate -   Pd/C palladium on carbon -   Pd(dppf)Cl₂     [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) -   Ph₃PCl₂ triphenylphosphine dichloride -   PG protecting group -   POCl₃ phosphorus oxychloride -   i-PrOH or IPA isopropanol -   PS Polystyrene -   rt room temperature -   SEM-Cl 2-(trimethysilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride -   SiO₂ silica oxide -   SnCl₂ tin(II) chloride -   TBAI tetra-n-butylammonium iodide -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid -   THF tetrahydrofuran -   TMSCHN₂ trimethylsilyldiazomethane -   ®T3P propane phosphonic acid anhydride -   TRIS tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane -   pTsOH p-toluenesulfonic acid

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a number of ways known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis, which are described in more detail in Section VI.

IV. Biology

While blood coagulation is essential to the regulation of an organism's hemostasis, it is also involved in many pathological conditions. In thrombosis, a blood clot, or thrombus, may form and obstruct circulation locally, causing ischemia and organ damage. Alternatively, in a process known as embolism, the clot may dislodge and subsequently become trapped in a distal vessel, where it again causes ischemia and organ damage. Diseases arising from pathological thrombus formation are collectively referred to as thromboembolic disorders and include acute coronary syndrome, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, thrombosis in the cavity of the heart, ischemic stroke, deep vein thrombosis, peripheral occlusive arterial disease, transient ischemic attack, and pulmonary embolism. In addition, thrombosis occurs on artificial surfaces in contact with blood, including catheters, stents, artificial heart valves, and hemodialysis membranes.

Some conditions contribute to the risk of developing thrombosis. For example, alterations of the vessel wall, changes in the flow of blood, and alterations in the composition of the vascular compartment. These risk factors are collectively known as Virchow's triad. (Colman, R. W. et al., eds., Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, 5th Edition, p. 853, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2006)).

Antithrombotic agents are frequently given to patients at risk of developing thromboembolic disease because of the presence of one or more predisposing risk factors from Virchow's triad to prevent formation of an occlusive thrombus (primary prevention). For example, in an orthopedic surgery setting (e.g., hip and knee replacement), an antithrombotic agent is frequently administered prior to a surgical procedure. The antithrombotic agent counterbalances the prothrombotic stimulus exerted by vascular flow alterations (stasis), potential surgical vessel wall injury, as well as changes in the composition of the blood due to the acute phase response related to surgery. Another example of the use of an antithrombotic agent for primary prevention is dosing with aspirin, a platelet activation inhibitor, in patients at risk for developing thrombotic cardiovascular disease. Well recognized risk factors in this setting include age, male gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lipid alterations, and obesity.

Antithrombotic agents are also indicated for secondary prevention, following an initial thrombotic episode. For example, patients with mutations in factor V (also known as factor V Leiden) and additional risk factors (e.g., pregnancy), are dosed with anticoagulants to prevent the reoccurrence of venous thrombosis. Another example entails secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with a history of acute myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome. In a clinical setting, a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel (or other thienopyridines) may be used to prevent a second thrombotic event.

Antithrombotic agents are also given to treat the disease state (i.e., by arresting its development) after it has already started. For example, patients presenting with deep vein thrombosis are treated with anticoagulants (i.e., heparin, warfarin, or LMWH) to prevent further growth of the venous occlusion. Over time, these agents also cause a regression of the disease state because the balance between prothrombotic factors and anticoagulant/profibrinolytic pathways is changed in favor of the latter. Examples on the arterial vascular bed include the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome with aspirin and clopidogrel to prevent further growth of vascular occlusions and eventually leading to a regression of thrombotic occlusions.

Thus, antithrombotic agents are used widely for primary and secondary prevention (i.e., prophylaxis or risk reduction) of thromboembolic disorders, as well as treatment of an already existing thrombotic process. Drugs that inhibit blood coagulation, or anticoagulants, are “pivotal agents for prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders” (Hirsh, J. et al., Blood, 105:453-463 (2005)).

An alternative way of initiation of coagulation is operative when blood is exposed to artificial surfaces (e.g., during hemodialysis, “on-pump” cardiovascular surgery, vessel grafts, bacterial sepsis), on cell surfaces, cellular receptors, cell debris, DNA, RNA, and extracellular matrices. This process is also termed contact activation. Surface absorption of factor XII leads to a conformational change in the factor XII molecule, thereby facilitating activation to proteolytic active factor XII molecules (factor XIIa and factor XIIf). Factor XIIa (or XIIf) has a number of target proteins, including plasma prekallikrein and factor XI. Active plasma kallikrein further activates factor XII, leading to an amplification of contact activation. Alternatively, the serine protease prolylcarboxylpeptidase can activate plasma kallikrein complexed with high molecular weight kininogen in a multiprotein complex formed on the surface of cells and matrices (Shariat-Madar et al., Blood, 108:192-199 (2006)). Contact activation is a surface mediated process responsible in part for the regulation of thrombosis and inflammation, and is mediated, at least in part, by fibrinolytic-, complement-, kininogen/kinin-, and other humoral and cellular pathways (for review, Coleman, R., “Contact Activation Pathway”, Hemostasis and Thrombosis, pp. 103-122, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2001); Schmaier, A. H., “Contact Activation”, Thrombosis and Hemorrhage, pp. 105-128 (1998)). The biological relevance of the contact activation system for thromboembolic diseases is supported by the phenotype of factor XII deficient mice. More specifically, factor XII deficient mice were protected from thrombotic vascular occlusion in several thrombosis models as well as stroke models and the phenotype of the XII deficient mice was identical to XI deficient mice (Renne et al., J. Exp. Med., 202:271-281 (2005); Kleinschmitz et al., J. Exp. Med., 203:513-518 (2006)). The fact that factor XI is down-stream from factor XIIa, combined with the identical phenotype of the XII and XI deficient mice suggest that the contact activation system could play a major role in factor XI activation in vivo.

Factor XI is a zymogen of a trypsin-like serine protease and is present in plasma at a relatively low concentration. Proteolytic activation at an internal R369-I370 bond yields a heavy chain (369 amino acids) and a light chain (238 amino acids). The latter contains a typical trypsin-like catalytic triad (H413, D464, and S557). Activation of factor XI by thrombin is believed to occur on negatively charged surfaces, most likely on the surface of activated platelets. Platelets contain high affinity (0.8 nM) specific sites (130-500/platelet) for activated factor XI. After activation, factor XIa remains surface bound and recognizes factor IX as its normal macromolecular substrate. (Galiani, D., Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 10:198-204 (2000)).

In addition to the feedback activation mechanisms described above, thrombin activates thrombin activated fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), a plasma carboxypeptidase that cleaves C-terminal lysine and arginine residues on fibrin, reducing the ability of fibrin to enhance tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) dependent plasminogen activation. In the presence of antibodies to FXIa, clot lysis can occur more rapidly independent of plasma TAFI concentration. (Bouma, B. N. et al., Thromb. Res., 101:329-354 (2001).) Thus, inhibitors of factor XIa are expected to be anticoagulant and profibrinolytic.

Further evidence for the anti-thromboembolic effects of targeting factor XI is derived from mice deficient in factor XI. It has been demonstrated that complete fXI deficiency protected mice from ferric chloride (FeCl₃)-induced carotid artery thrombosis (Rosen et al., Thromb. Haemost., 87:774-777 (2002); Wang et al., J. Thromb. Haemost., 3:695-702 (2005)). Also, factor XI deficiency rescues the perinatal lethal phenotype of complete protein C deficiency (Chan et al., Amer. J. Pathology, 158:469-479 (2001)). Furthermore, baboon cross-reactive, function blocking antibodies to human factor XI protect against baboon arterial—venous shunt thrombosis (Gruber et al., Blood, 102:953-955 (2003)). Evidence for an antithrombotic effect of small molecule inhibitors of factor XIa is also disclosed in published U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0180855 A1. Taken together, these studies suggest that targeting factor XI will reduce the propensity for thrombotic and thromboembolic diseases.

Genetic evidence indicates that factor XI is not required for normal homeostasis, implying a superior safety profile of the factor XI mechanism compared to competing antithrombotic mechanisms. In contrast to hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) or hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency), mutations of the factor XI gene causing factor XI deficiency (hemophilia C) result in only a mild to moderate bleeding diathesis characterized primarily by postoperative or posttraumatic, but rarely spontaneous hemorrhage. Postoperative bleeding occurs mostly in tissue with high concentrations of endogenous fibrinolytic activity (e.g., oral cavity, and urogenital system). The majority of the cases are fortuitously identified by preoperative prolongation of aPTT (intrinsic system) without any prior bleeding history.

The increased safety of inhibition of XIa as an anticoagulation therapy is further supported by the fact that Factor XI knock-out mice, which have no detectable factor XI protein, undergo normal development, and have a normal life span. No evidence for spontaneous bleeding has been noted. The aPTT (intrinsic system) is prolonged in a gene dose-dependent fashion. Interestingly, even after severe stimulation of the coagulation system (tail transection), the bleeding time is not significantly prolonged compared to wild-type and heterozygous litter mates. (Gailani, D., Frontiers in Bioscience, 6:201-207 (2001); Gailani, D. et al., Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis, 8:134-144 (1997).) Taken together, these observations suggest that high levels of inhibition of factor XIa should be well tolerated. This is in contrast to gene targeting experiments with other coagulation factors, excluding factor XII.

In vivo activation of factor XI can be determined by complex formation with either C1 inhibitor or alpha 1 antitrypsin. In a study of 50 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), approximately 25% of the patients had values above the upper normal range of the complex ELISA. This study can be viewed as evidence that at least in a subpopulation of patients with AMI, factor XI activation contributes to thrombin formation (Minnema, M. C. et al., Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 20:2489-2493 (2000)). A second study establishes a positive correlation between the extent of coronary arteriosclerosis and factor XIa in complex with alpha 1 antitrypsin (Murakami, T. et al., Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 15:1107-1113 (1995)). In another study, Factor XI levels above the 90th percentile in patients were associated with a 2.2-fold increased risk for venous thrombosis (Meijers, J. C. M. et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 342:696-701 (2000)).

Also, it is preferred to find new compounds with improved activity in in vitro clotting assays, compared with known serine protease inhibitors, such as the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or prothrombin time (PT) assay. (for a description of the aPTT and PT assays see, Goodnight, S. H. et al., “Screening Tests of Hemostasis”, Disorders of Thrombosis and Hemostasis: A Clinical Guide, 2nd Edition, pp. 41-51, McGraw-Hill, New York (2001)).

It is also desirable and preferable to find compounds with advantageous and improved characteristics compared with known serine protease inhibitors, in one or more of the following categories that are given as examples, and are not intended to be limiting: (a) pharmacokinetic properties, including oral bioavailability, half life, and clearance; (b) pharmaceutical properties; (c) dosage requirements; (d) factors that decrease blood concentration peak-to-trough characteristics; (e) factors that increase the concentration of active drug at the receptor; (f) factors that decrease the liability for clinical drug-drug interactions; (g) factors that decrease the potential for adverse side-effects, including selectivity versus other biological targets; and (h) factors that improve manufacturing costs or feasibility.

Pre-clinical studies demonstrated significant antithrombotic effects of small molecule factor XIa inhibitors in rabbit and rat model of arterial thrombosis, at doses that preserved hemostasis. (Wong P. C. et al., American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, Abstract No. 6118, Nov. 12-15, 2006; Schumacher, W. et al., Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 3(Suppl. 1):P1228 (2005); Schumacher, W. A. et al., European Journal of Pharmacology, 167-174 (2007)). Furthermore, it was observed that in vitro prolongation of the aPTT by specific XIa inhibitors is a good predictor of efficacy in our thrombosis models. Thus, the in vitro aPTT test can be used as a surrogate for efficacy in vivo.

As used herein, the term “patient” encompasses all mammalian species.

As used herein, “treating” or “treatment” cover the treatment of a disease-state in a mammal, particularly in a human, and include: (a) inhibiting the disease-state, i.e., arresting it development; and/or (b) relieving the disease-state, i.e., causing regression of the disease state.

As used herein, “prophylaxis” or “prevention” covers the preventive treatment of a subclinical disease-state in a mammal, particularly in a human, aimed at reducing the probability of the occurrence of a clinical disease-state. Patients are selected for preventative therapy based on factors that are known to increase risk of suffering a clinical disease state compared to the general population. “Prophylaxis” therapies can be divided into (a) primary prevention and (b) secondary prevention. Primary prevention is defined as treatment in a subject that has not yet presented with a clinical disease state, whereas secondary prevention is defined as preventing a second occurrence of the same or similar clinical disease state.

As used herein, “risk reduction” covers therapies that lower the incidence of development of a clinical disease state. As such, primary and secondary prevention therapies are examples of risk reduction.

“Therapeutically effective amount” is intended to include an amount of a compound of the present invention that is effective when administered alone or in combination to inhibit factor XIa and/or plasma kallikrein and/or to prevent or treat the disorders listed herein. When applied to a combination, the term refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the preventive or therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially, or simultaneously.

The term “thrombosis”, as used herein, refers to formation or presence of a thrombus (pl. thrombi); clotting within a blood vessel that may cause ischemia or infarction of tissues supplied by the vessel. The term “embolism”, as used herein, refers to sudden blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material that has been brought to its site of lodgment by the blood current. The term “thromboembolism”, as used herein, refers to obstruction of a blood vessel with thrombotic material carried by the blood stream from the site of origin to plug another vessel. The term “thromboembolic disorders” entails both “thrombotic” and “embolic” disorders (defined above).

The term “thromboembolic disorders” as used herein includes arterial cardiovascular thromboembolic disorders, venous cardiovascular or cerebrovascular thromboembolic disorders, and thromboembolic disorders in the chambers of the heart or in the peripheral circulation. The term “thromboembolic disorders” as used herein also includes specific disorders selected from, but not limited to, unstable angina or other acute coronary syndromes, atrial fibrillation, first or recurrent myocardial infarction, ischemic sudden death, transient ischemic attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, peripheral occlusive arterial disease, venous thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, arterial embolism, coronary arterial thrombosis, cerebral arterial thrombosis, cerebral embolism, kidney embolism, pulmonary embolism, and thrombosis resulting from medical implants, devices, or procedures in which blood is exposed to an artificial surface that promotes thrombosis. The medical implants or devices include, but are not limited to: prosthetic valves, artificial valves, indwelling catheters, stents, blood oxygenators, shunts, vascular access ports, ventricular assist devices and artificial hearts or heart chambers, and vessel grafts. The procedures include, but are not limited to: cardiopulmonary bypass, percutaneous coronary intervention, and hemodialysis. In another embodiment, the term “thromboembolic disorders” includes acute coronary syndrome, stroke, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment of a thromboembolic disorder, wherein the thromboembolic disorder is selected from unstable angina, an acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, peripheral occlusive arterial disease, venous thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, arterial embolism, coronary arterial thrombosis, cerebral arterial thrombosis, cerebral embolism, kidney embolism, pulmonary embolism, and thrombosis resulting from medical implants, devices, or procedures in which blood is exposed to an artificial surface that promotes thrombosis. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment of a thromboembolic disorder, wherein the thromboembolic disorder is selected from acute coronary syndrome, stroke, venous thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, and thrombosis resulting from medical implants and devices.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the primary prophylaxis of a thromboembolic disorder, wherein the thromboembolic disorder is selected from unstable angina, an acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, ischemic sudden death, transient ischemic attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, peripheral occlusive arterial disease, venous thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, arterial embolism, coronary arterial thrombosis, cerebral arterial thrombosis, cerebral embolism, kidney embolism, pulmonary embolism, and thrombosis resulting from medical implants, devices, or procedures in which blood is exposed to an artificial surface that promotes thrombosis. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the primary prophylaxis of a thromboembolic disorder, wherein the thromboembolic disorder is selected from acute coronary syndrome, stroke, venous thrombosis, and thrombosis resulting from medical implants and devices.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the secondary prophylaxis of a thromboembolic disorder, wherein the thromboembolic disorder is selected from unstable angina, an acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation, recurrent myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, peripheral occlusive arterial disease, venous thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, arterial embolism, coronary arterial thrombosis, cerebral arterial thrombosis, cerebral embolism, kidney embolism, pulmonary embolism, and thrombosis resulting from medical implants, devices, or procedures in which blood is exposed to an artificial surface that promotes thrombosis. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the secondary prophylaxis of a thromboembolic disorder, wherein the thromboembolic disorder is selected from acute coronary syndrome, stroke, atrial fibrillation and venous thrombosis.

The term “stroke”, as used herein, refers to embolic stroke or atherothrombotic stroke arising from occlusive thrombosis in the carotid communis, carotid interna, or intracerebral arteries.

It is noted that thrombosis includes vessel occlusion (e.g., after a bypass) and reocclusion (e.g., during or after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty). The thromboembolic disorders may result from conditions including but not limited to atherosclerosis, surgery or surgical complications, prolonged immobilization, arterial fibrillation, congenital thrombophilia, cancer, diabetes, effects of medications or hormones, and complications of pregnancy.

Thromboembolic disorders are frequently associated with patients with atherosclerosis. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include but are not limited to male gender, age, hypertension, lipid disorders, and diabetes mellitus. Risk factors for atherosclerosis are at the same time risk factors for complications of atherosclerosis, i.e., thromboembolic disorders.

Similarly, arterial fibrillation is frequently associated with thromboembolic disorders. Risk factors for arterial fibrillation and subsequent thromboembolic disorders include cardiovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, nonrheumatic mitral valve disease, hypertensive cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, and a variety of miscellaneous cardiac abnormalities as well as thyrotoxicosis.

Diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with atherosclerosis and thromboembolic disorders. Risk factors for the more common type 2 include but are not limited to are family history, obesity, physical inactivity, race/ethnicity, previously impaired fasting glucose or glucose tolerance test, history of gestational diabetes mellitus or delivery of a “big baby”, hypertension, low HDL cholesterol, and polycystic ovary syndrome.

Risk factors for congenital thrombophilia include gain of function mutations in coagulation factors or loss of function mutations in the anticoagulant- or fibrinolytic pathways.

Thrombosis has been associated with a variety of tumor types, e.g., pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, brain tumors, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, gastrointestinal malignancies, and Hodgkins or non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Recent studies suggest that the frequency of cancer in patients with thrombosis reflects the frequency of a particular cancer type in the general population (Levitan, N. et al., Medicine (Baltimore), 78(5):285-291 (1999); Levine M. et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 334(11):677-681 (1996); Blom, J. W. et al., JAMA, 293(6):715-722 (2005)). Hence, the most common cancers associated with thrombosis in men are prostate, colorectal, brain, and lung cancer, and in women are breast, ovary, and lung cancer. The observed rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients is significant. The varying rates of VTE between different tumor types are most likely related to the selection of the patient population. Cancer patients at risk for thrombosis may possess any or all of the following risk factors: (i) the stage of the cancer (i.e., presence of metastases), (ii) the presence of central vein catheters, (iii) surgery and anticancer therapies including chemotherapy, and (iv) hormones and antiangiogenic drugs. Thus, it is common clinical practice to dose patients having advanced tumors with heparin or low molecular heparin to prevent thromboembolic disorders. A number of low molecular heparin preparations have been approved by the FDA for these indications.

There are three main clinical situations when considering the prevention of VTE in a medical cancer patient: (i) the patient is bedridden for prolonged periods of time; (ii) the ambulatory patient is receiving chemotherapy or radiation; and (iii) the patient is with indwelling central vein catheters. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) are effective antithrombotic agents in cancer patients undergoing surgery. (Mismetti, P. et al., British Journal of Surgery, 88:913-930 (2001).)

A. In Vitro Assays

The effectiveness of compounds of the present invention as inhibitors of the coagulation Factors XIa, VIIa, IXa, Xa, XIIa, plasma kallikrein, thrombin, chymotrypsin or trypsin, can be determined using a relevant purified serine protease, respectively, and an appropriate synthetic substrate. The rate of hydrolysis of the chromogenic or fluorogenic substrate by the relevant serine protease was measured both in the absence and presence of compounds of the present invention. Hydrolysis of the substrate resulted in the release of pNA (para nitroaniline), which was monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the increase in absorbance at 405 nm, or the release of AMC (amino methylcoumarin), which was monitored spectrofluorometrically by measuring the increase in emission at 460 nm with excitation at 380 nm. A decrease in the rate of absorbance or fluorescence change in the presence of inhibitor is indicative of enzyme inhibition. Such methods are known to one skilled in the art. The results of this assay are expressed as the inhibitory constant, K_(i).

Factor XIa determinations were made in 50 mM HEPES buffer at pH 7.4 containing 145 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, and 0.1% PEG 8000 (polyethylene glycol; JT Baker or Fisher Scientific). Determinations were made using purified human Factor XIa at a final concentration of 25-200 pM (Haematologic Technologies) and the synthetic substrate S-2366 (pyroGlu-Pro-Arg-pNA; CHROMOGENIX® or AnaSpec) at a concentration of 0.0002-0.001 M.

Factor VIIa determinations were made in 0.005 M calcium chloride, 0.15 M sodium chloride, 0.05 M HEPES buffer containing 0.1% PEG 8000 at a pH of 7.5. Determinations were made using purified human Factor VIIa (Haematologic Technologies) or recombinant human Factor VIIa (Novo Nordisk) at a final assay concentration of 0.5-10 nM, recombinant soluble tissue factor at a concentration of 10-40 nM and the synthetic substrate H-D-Ile-Pro-Arg-pNA (S-2288; CHROMOGENIX® or BMPM-2; AnaSpec) at a concentration of 0.001-0.0075 M.

Factor IXa determinations were made in 0.005 M calcium chloride, 0.1 M sodium chloride, 0.0000001 M Refludan (Berlex), 0.05 M TRIS base and 0.5% PEG 8000 at a pH of 7.4. Refludan was added to inhibit small amounts of thrombin in the commercial preparations of human Factor IXa. Determinations were made using purified human Factor IXa (Haematologic Technologies) at a final assay concentration of 20-100 nM and the synthetic substrate PCIXA2100-B (CenterChem) or Pefafluor IXa 3688 (H-D-Leu-Ph′Gly-Arg-AMC; CenterChem) at a concentration of 0.0004-0.0005 M.

Factor Xa determinations were made in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of 7.5 containing 0.2 M sodium chloride and 0.5% PEG 8000. Determinations were made using purified human Factor Xa (Haematologic Technologies) at a final assay concentration of 150-1000 pM and the synthetic substrate S-2222 (Bz-Ile-Glu (gamma-OMe, 50%)-Gly-Arg-pNA; CHROMOGENIX®) at a concentration of 0.0002-0.00035 M.

Factor XIIa determinations were made in 0.05 M HEPES buffer at pH 7.4 containing 0.145 M NaCl, 0.05 M KCl, and 0.1% PEG 8000. Determinations were made using purified human Factor XIIa at a final concentration of 4 nM (American Diagnostica) and the synthetic substrate SPECTROZYME® #312 (H-D-CHT-Gly-L-Arg-pNA.2AcOH; American Diagnostica) at a concentration of 0.00015 M.

Plasma kallikrein determinations were made in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of 7.5 containing 0.1-0.2 M sodium chloride and 0.5% PEG 8000. Determinations were made using purified human plasma kallikrein (Enzyme Research Laboratories) at a final assay concentration of 200 pM and the synthetic substrate S-2302 (H-(D)-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA; CHROMOGENIX®) at a concentration of 0.00008-0.0004 M.

Thrombin determinations were made in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of 7.5 containing 0.2 M sodium chloride and 0.5% PEG 8000. Determinations were made using purified human alpha thrombin (Haematologic Technologies or Enzyme Research Laboratories) at a final assay concentration of 200-250 pM and the synthetic substrate S-2366 (pyroGlu-Pro-Arg-pNA; CHROMOGENIX® or AnaSpec) at a concentration of 0.0002-0.0004 M.

The Michaelis constant, K_(m), for substrate hydrolysis by each protease, was determined at 25° C. or 37° C. in the absence of inhibitor. Values of K_(i) were determined by allowing the protease to react with the substrate in the presence of the inhibitor. Reactions were allowed to go for periods of 20-180 minutes (depending on the protease) and the velocities (rate of absorbance or fluorescence change versus time) were measured. The following relationships were used to calculate K_(i) values: (V _(max) *S)/(K _(m) +S) (v _(o) −v _(s))/v _(s) =I/(K _(i)*(1+S/K _(m))) for a competitive inhibitor with one binding site; or v _(s) /v _(o) =A+((B−A)/(1+(IC ₅₀/(I))^(n))); and K _(i) =IC ₅₀/(1+S/K _(m)) for a competitive inhibitor

where:

v_(o) is the velocity of the control in the absence of inhibitor;

v_(s) is the velocity in the presence of inhibitor;

V_(max) is the maximum reaction velocity;

I is the concentration of inhibitor;

A is the minimum activity remaining (usually locked at zero);

B is the maximum activity remaining (usually locked at 1.0);

n is the Hill coefficient, a measure of the number and cooperativity of potential inhibitor binding sites;

IC₅₀ is the concentration of inhibitor that produces 50% inhibition under the assay conditions;

K_(i) is the dissociation constant of the enzyme: inhibitor complex;

S is the concentration of substrate; and

K_(m) is the Michaelis constant for the substrate.

The selectivity of a compound may be evaluated by taking the ratio of the K_(i) value for a given protease with the K_(i) value for the protease of interest (i.e., selectivity for FXIa versus protease P=K_(i) for protease P/K_(i) for FXIa). Compounds with selectivity ratios >20 are considered selective.

The effectiveness of compounds of the present invention as inhibitors of coagulation can be determined using a standard or modified clotting assay. An increase in the plasma clotting time in the presence of inhibitor is indicative of anticoagulation. Relative clotting time is the clotting time in the presence of an inhibitor divided by the clotting time in the absence of an inhibitor. The results of this assay may be expressed as IC1.5× or IC2×, the inhibitor concentration required to increase the clotting time by 1.5 times or 2 times, respectively, relative to the clotting time in the absence of the inhibitor. The IC1.5× or IC2× is found by linear interpolation from relative clotting time versus inhibitor concentration plots using inhibitor concentrations that span the IC1.5× or IC2×.

Clotting times are determined using citrated normal human plasma as well as plasma obtained from a number of laboratory animal species (e.g., rat, or rabbit). A compound is diluted into plasma beginning with a 10 mM DMSO stock solution. The final concentration of DMSO is less than 2%. Plasma clotting assays are performed in an automated coagulation analyzer (Sysmex, Dade-Behring, Ill.). Similarly, clotting times can be determined from laboratory animal species or humans dosed with compounds of the invention.

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) is determined using ACTIN® FSL (Dade-Behring, Ill.) following the directions in the package insert. Plasma (0.05 mL) is warmed to 37° C. for 1 minute. ACTIN® FSL (0.05 mL) is added to the plasma and incubated for an additional 2 to 5 minutes. Calcium chloride (25 mM, 0.05 mL) is added to the reaction to initiate coagulation. The clotting time is the time in seconds from the moment calcium chloride is added until a clot is detected.

Prothrombin Time (PT) is determined using thromboplastin (Thromboplastin C Plus or Innovin®, Dade-Behring, Ill.) following the directions in the package insert. Plasma (0.05 mL) is warmed to 37° C. for 1 minute. Thromboplastin (0.1 mL) is added to the plasma to initiate coagulation. The clotting time is the time in seconds from the moment thromboplastin is added until a clot is detected.

Chymotrypsin determinations were made in 50 mM HEPES buffer at pH 7.4 containing 145 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, and 0.1% PEG 8000 (polyethylene glycol; JT Baker or Fisher Scientific). Determinations were made using purified human chymotrypsin at a final concentration of 0.2-2 nM (Calbiochem) and the synthetic substrate S-2586 (Methoxy-Succinyl-Arg-Pro-Tyr-pNA; Chromogenix) at a concentration of 0.0005-0.005 M.

Trypsin determinations were made in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of 7.5 containing 0.2 M sodium chloride and 0.5% PEG 8000. Determinations were made using purified human trypsin (Sigma) at a final assay concentration of 0.1-1 nM and the synthetic substrate S-2222 (Bz-Ile-Glu (gamma-OMe, 50%)-Gly-Arg-pNA; Chromogenix) at a concentration of 0.0005-0.005 M.

The exemplified Examples disclosed below were tested in the Factor XIa assay described above and found having Factor XIa inhibitory activity. A range of Factor XIa inhibitory activity (Ki values) of ≤10 μM (10000 nM) was observed.

B. In Vivo Assays

The effectiveness of compounds of the present invention as antithrombotic agents can be determined using relevant in vivo thrombosis models, including In Vivo Electrically-induced Carotid Artery Thrombosis Models and In Vivo Rabbit Arterio-venous Shunt Thrombosis Models.

a. In Vivo Electrically-Induced Carotid Artery Thrombosis (ECAT) Model

The rabbit ECAT model, described by Wong et al. (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 295:212-218 (2000)), can be used in this study. Male New Zealand White rabbits are anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg+50 mg/kg/h IM) and xylazine (10 mg/kg+10 mg/kg/h IM). These anesthetics are supplemented as needed. An electromagnetic flow probe is placed on a segment of an isolated carotid artery to monitor blood flow. Test agents or vehicle will be given (i.v., i.p., s.c., or orally) prior to or after the initiation of thrombosis. Drug treatment prior to initiation of thrombosis is used to model the ability of test agents to prevent and reduce the risk of thrombus formation, whereas dosing after initiation is used to model the ability to treat existing thrombotic disease. Thrombus formation is induced by electrical stimulation of the carotid artery for 3 min at 4 mA using an external stainless-steel bipolar electrode. Carotid blood flow is measured continuously over a 90-min period to monitor thrombus-induced occlusion. Total carotid blood flow over 90 min is calculated by the trapezoidal rule. Average carotid flow over 90 min is then determined by converting total carotid blood flow over 90 min to percent of total control carotid blood flow, which would result if control blood flow had been maintained continuously for 90 min. The ED₅₀ (dose that increased average carotid blood flow over 90 min to 50% of the control) of compounds are estimated by a nonlinear least square regression program using the Hill sigmoid E_(max) equation (DeltaGraph; SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill.).

b. In Vivo Rabbit Arterio-Venous (AV) Shunt Thrombosis Model

The rabbit AV shunt model, described by Wong et al. (Wong, P. C. et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 292:351-357 (2000)), can be used in this study. Male New Zealand White rabbits are anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg+50 mg/kg/h IM) and xylazine (10 mg/kg+10 mg/kg/h IM). These anesthetics are supplemented as needed. The femoral artery, jugular vein and femoral vein are isolated and catheterized. A saline-filled AV shunt device is connected between the femoral arterial and the femoral venous cannulae. The AV shunt device consists of an outer piece of tygon tubing (length=8 cm; internal diameter=7.9 mm) and an inner piece of tubing (length=2.5 cm; internal diameter=4.8 mm). The AV shunt also contains an 8-cm-long 2-0 silk thread (Ethicon, Somerville, N.J.). Blood flows from the femoral artery via the AV-shunt into the femoral vein. The exposure of flowing blood to a silk thread induces the formation of a significant thrombus. Forty minutes later, the shunt is disconnected and the silk thread covered with thrombus is weighed. Test agents or vehicle will be given (i.v., i.p., s.c., or orally) prior to the opening of the AV shunt. The percentage inhibition of thrombus formation is determined for each treatment group. The ID₅₀ values (dose that produces 50% inhibition of thrombus formation) are estimated by a nonlinear least square regression program using the Hill sigmoid E_(max) equation (DeltaGraph; SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill.).

The anti-inflammatory effect of these compounds can be demonstrated in an Evans Blue dye extravasation assay using C1-esterase inhibitor deficient mice. In this model, mice are dosed with a compound of the present invention, Evans Blue dye is injected via the tail vein, and extravasation of the blue dye is determined by spectrophotometric means from tissue extracts.

The ability of the compounds of the current invention to reduce or prevent the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, for example, as observed during on-pump cardiovascular procedures, can be tested in in vitro perfusion systems, or by on-pump surgical procedures in larger mammals, including dogs and baboons. Read-outs to assess the benefit of the compounds of the present invention include for example reduced platelet loss, reduced platelet/white blood cell complexes, reduced neutrophil elastase levels in plasma, reduced activation of complement factors, and reduced activation and/or consumption of contact activation proteins (plasma kallikrein, factor XII, factor XI, high molecular weight kininogen, C1-esterase inhibitors).

The compounds of the present invention may also be useful as inhibitors of additional serine proteases, notably human thrombin, human plasma kallikrein and human plasmin. Because of their inhibitory action, these compounds are indicated for use in the prevention or treatment of physiological reactions, including blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, blood pressure regulation and inflammation, and wound healing catalyzed by the aforesaid class of enzymes. Specifically, the compounds have utility as drugs for the treatment of diseases arising from elevated thrombin activity of the aforementioned serine proteases, such as myocardial infarction, and as reagents used as anticoagulants in the processing of blood to plasma for diagnostic and other commercial purposes.

V. Pharmaceutical Compositions, Formulations and Combinations

The compounds of this invention can be administered in such oral dosage forms as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, suspensions, syrups, and emulsions. They may also be administered in intravenous (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular form, all using dosage forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. They can be administered alone, but generally will be administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.

The term “pharmaceutical composition” means a composition comprising a compound of the invention in combination with at least one additional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to media generally accepted in the art for the delivery of biologically active agents to animals, in particular, mammals, including, i.e., adjuvant, excipient or vehicle, such as diluents, preserving agents, fillers, flow regulating agents, disintegrating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, perfuming agents, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, lubricating agents and dispensing agents, depending on the nature of the mode of administration and dosage forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are formulated according to a number of factors well within the purview of those of ordinary skill in the art. These include, without limitation: the type and nature of the active agent being formulated; the subject to which the agent-containing composition is to be administered; the intended route of administration of the composition; and the therapeutic indication being targeted. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include both aqueous and non-aqueous liquid media, as well as a variety of solid and semi-solid dosage forms. Such carriers can include a number of different ingredients and additives in addition to the active agent, such additional ingredients being included in the formulation for a variety of reasons, e.g., stabilization of the active agent, binders, etc., well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Descriptions of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and factors involved in their selection, are found in a variety of readily available sources such as, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition (1990).

The dosage regimen for the compounds of the present invention will, of course, vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration; the species, age, sex, health, medical condition, and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; the route of administration, the renal and hepatic function of the patient, and the effect desired. A physician or veterinarian can determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter, or arrest the progress of the thromboembolic disorder.

By way of general guidance, the daily oral dosage of each active ingredient, when used for the indicated effects, will range between about 0.001 to about 1000 mg/kg of body weight, preferably between about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day, and most preferably between about 0.1 to about 20 mg/kg/day. Intravenously, the most preferred doses will range from about 0.001 to about 10 mg/kg/minute during a constant rate infusion. Compounds of this invention may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three, or four times daily.

Compounds of this invention can also be administered by parenteral administration (e.g., intra-venous, intra-arterial, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. When administered intra-venous or intra-arterial, the dose can be given continuously or intermittent. Furthermore, formulation can be developed for intramuscularly and subcutaneous delivery that ensure a gradual release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is a solid formulation, e.g., a spray-dried composition, which may be used as is, or whereto the physician or the patient adds solvents, and/or diluents prior to use.

Compounds of this invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using transdermal skin patches. When administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.

The compounds are typically administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients, or carriers (collectively referred to herein as pharmaceutical carriers) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, e.g., oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, and syrups, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.

For instance, for oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like; for oral administration in liquid form, the oral drug components can be combined with any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents, and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture. Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes, and the like. Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like. Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum, and the like.

The compounds of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine, or phosphatidylcholines.

Compounds of the present invention may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxyethylaspartamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacylates, and crosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels. Solid dispersions are also called solid-state dispersions. In some embodiments, any compound described herein is formulated as a spray dried dispersion (SDD). An SDD is a single phase amorphous molecular dispersion of a drug in a polymer matrix. It is a solid solution prepared by dissolving the drug and a polymer in a solvent (e.g., acetone, methanol or the like) and spray drying the solution. The solvent rapidly evaporates from droplets which rapidly solidifies the polymer and drug mixture trapping the drug in amorphous form as an amorphous molecular dispersion.

Dosage forms (pharmaceutical compositions) suitable for administration may contain from about 1 milligram to about 1000 milligrams of active ingredient per dosage unit. In these pharmaceutical compositions the active ingredient will ordinarily be present in an amount of about 0.1-95% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.

Gelatin capsules may contain the active ingredient and powdered carriers, such as lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release of medication over a period of hours. Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can contain coloring and flavoring to increase patient acceptance.

In general, water, a suitable oil, saline, aqueous dextrose (glucose), and related sugar solutions and glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycols are suitable carriers for parenteral solutions. Solutions for parenteral administration preferably contain a water soluble salt of the active ingredient, suitable stabilizing agents, and if necessary, buffer substances. Antioxidizing agents such as sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid, either alone or combined, are suitable stabilizing agents. Also used are citric acid and its salts and sodium EDTA. In addition, parenteral solutions can contain preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, methyl- or propyl-paraben, and chlorobutanol.

Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, a standard reference text in this field.

Where the compounds of this invention are combined with other anticoagulant agents, for example, a daily dosage may be about 0.1 to about 100 milligrams of the compound of the present invention and about 0.1 to about 100 milligrams per kilogram of patient body weight. For a tablet dosage form, the compounds of this invention generally may be present in an amount of about 5 to about 300 milligrams per dosage unit, and the second anti-coagulant in an amount of about 1 to about 500 milligrams per dosage unit.

Where the compounds of the present invention are administered in combination with an anti-platelet agent, by way of general guidance, typically a daily dosage may be about 0.01 to about 300 milligrams of the compound of the present invention and about 50 to about 150 milligrams of the anti-platelet agent, preferably about 0.1 to about 4 milligrams of the compound of the present invention and about 1 to about 3 milligrams of antiplatelet agents, per kilogram of patient body weight.

Where the compounds of the present invention are administered in combination with thrombolytic agent, typically a daily dosage may be about 0.1 to about 100 milligrams of the compound of the present invention, per kilogram of patient body weight and, in the case of the thrombolytic agents, the usual dosage of the thrombolytic agent when administered alone may be reduced by about 50-80% when administered with a compound of the present invention.

Particularly when provided as a single dosage unit, the potential exists for a chemical interaction between the combined active ingredients. For this reason, when the compound of the present invention and a second therapeutic agent are combined in a single dosage unit they are formulated such that although the active ingredients are combined in a single dosage unit, the physical contact between the active ingredients is minimized (that is, reduced). For example, one active ingredient may be enteric coated. By enteric coating one of the active ingredients, it is possible not only to minimize the contact between the combined active ingredients, but also, it is possible to control the release of one of these components in the gastrointestinal tract such that one of these components is not released in the stomach but rather is released in the intestines. One of the active ingredients may also be coated with a material that affects a sustained-release throughout the gastrointestinal tract and also serves to minimize physical contact between the combined active ingredients. Furthermore, the sustained-released component can be additionally enteric coated such that the release of this component occurs only in the intestine. Still another approach would involve the formulation of a combination product in which the one component is coated with a sustained and/or enteric release polymer, and the other component is also coated with a polymer such as a low viscosity grade of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or other appropriate materials as known in the art, in order to further separate the active components. The polymer coating serves to form an additional barrier to interaction with the other component.

These as well as other ways of minimizing contact between the components of combination products of the present invention, whether administered in a single dosage form or administered in separate forms but at the same time by the same manner, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, once armed with the present disclosure.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising additional therapeutic agent(s) selected from potassium channel openers, potassium channel blockers, calcium channel blockers, sodium hydrogen exchanger inhibitors, antiarrhythmic agents, antiatherosclerotic agents, anticoagulants, antithrombotic agents, prothrombolytic agents, fibrinogen antagonists, diuretics, antihypertensive agents, ATPase inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, phospodiesterase inhibitors, antidiabetic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants, angiogenesis modulators, antiosteoporosis agents, hormone replacement therapies, hormone receptor modulators, oral contraceptives, antiobesity agents, antidepressants, antianxiety agents, antipsychotic agents, antiproliferative agents, antitumor agents, antiulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease agents, growth hormone agents and/or growth hormone secretagogues, thyroid mimetics, anti-infective agents, antiviral agents, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, cholesterol/lipid lowering agents and lipid profile therapies, and agents that mimic ischemic preconditioning and/or myocardial stunning, or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising additional therapeutic agent(s) selected from an anti-arrhythmic agent, an anti-hypertensive agent, an anti-coagulant agent, an anti-platelet agent, a thrombin inhibiting agent, a thrombolytic agent, a fibrinolytic agent, a calcium channel blocker, a potassium channel blocker, a cholesterol/lipid lowering agent, or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising additional therapeutic agent(s) selected from warfarin, unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, synthetic pentasaccharide, hirudin, argatroban, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, sulindac, indomethacin, mefenamate, dipyridamol, droxicam, diclofenac, sulfinpyrazone, piroxicam, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, tirofiban, eptifibatide, abciximab, melagatran, ximelagatran, disulfatohirudin, tissue plasminogen activator, modified tissue plasminogen activator, anistreplase, urokinase, and streptokinase, or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an antihypertensive agent selected from ACE inhibitors, AT-1 receptor antagonists, beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, ETA receptor antagonists, dual ETA/AT-1 receptor antagonists, renin inhibitors (aliskiren) and vasopepsidase inhibitors, an antiarrythmic agent selected from IKur inhibitors, an anticoagulant selected from thrombin inhibitors, antithrombin-III activators, heparin co-factor II activators, other factor XIa inhibitors, other kallikrein inhibitors, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) antagonists, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) inhibitors, factor VIIa inhibitors, factor IXa inhibitors, and factor Xa inhibitors, or an antiplatelet agent selected from GPIIb/IIIa blockers, GP Ib/IX blockers, protease activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) antagonists, protease activated receptor4 (PAR-4) antagonists, prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 antagonists, collagen receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-III inhibitors, P2Y₁ receptor antagonists, P2Y₁₂ antagonists, thromboxane receptor antagonists, cyclooxygense-1 inhibitors, and aspirin, or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides pharmaceutical composition, wherein the additional therapeutic agent(s) are an anti-platelet agent or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is the anti-platelet agent clopidogrel.

The compounds of the present invention can be administered alone or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents. By “administered in combination” or “combination therapy” it is meant that the compound of the present invention and one or more additional therapeutic agents are administered concurrently to the mammal being treated. When administered in combination, each component may be administered at the same time or sequentially in any order at different points in time. Thus, each component may be administered separately but sufficiently closely in time so as to provide the desired therapeutic effect.

Compounds that can be administered in combination with the compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, anticoagulants, anti-thrombin agents, anti-platelet agents, fibrinolytics, hypolipidemic agents, antihypertensive agents, and anti-ischemic agents.

Other anticoagulant agents (or coagulation inhibitory agents) that may be used in combination with the compounds of this invention include warfarin, heparin (either unfractionated heparin or any commercially available low molecular weight heparin, for example LOVENOX®), synthetic pentasaccharide, direct acting thrombin inhibitors including hirudin and argatroban, as well as other factor VIIa inhibitors, factor IXa inhibitors, factor Xa inhibitors (e.g., ARIXTRA®, apixaban, rivaroxaban, LY-517717, DU-176b, DX-9065a, and those disclosed in WO 98/57951, WO 03/026652, WO 01/047919, and WO 00/076970), factor XIa inhibitors, and inhibitors of activated TAFI and PAI-1 known in the art.

The term anti-platelet agents (or platelet inhibitory agents), as used herein, denotes agents that inhibit platelet function, for example, by inhibiting the aggregation, adhesion or granule-content secretion of platelets. Such agents include, but are not limited to, the various known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as acetaminophen, aspirin, codeine, diclofenac, droxicam, fentanyl, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketorolac, mefenamate, morphine, naproxen, phenacetin, piroxicam, sufentanyl, sulfinpyrazone, sulindac, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof. Of the NSAIDs, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA) and piroxicam are preferred. Other suitable platelet inhibitory agents include glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists (e.g., tirofiban, eptifibatide, abciximab, and integrelin), thromboxane-A2-receptor antagonists (e.g., ifetroban), thromboxane-A-synthetase inhibitors, phosphodiesterase-III (PDE-III) inhibitors (e.g., dipyridamole, cilostazol), and PDE-V inhibitors (such as sildenafil), protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) antagonists (e.g., E-5555, SCH-530348, SCH-203099, SCH-529153 and SCH-205831), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof.

Other examples of suitable anti-platelet agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention, with or without aspirin, are ADP (adenosine diphosphate) receptor antagonists, preferably antagonists of the purinergic receptors P2Y₁ and P2Y₁₂, with P2Y₁₂ being even more preferred. Preferred P2Y₁₂ receptor antagonists include clopidogrel, ticlopidine, prasugrel, ticagrelor, and cangrelor, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof. Ticlopidine and clopidogrel are also preferred compounds since they are known to be more gentle than aspirin on the gastro-intestinal tract in use. Clopidogrel is an even more preferred agent.

A preferred example is a triple combination of a compound of the present invention, aspirin, and another anti-platelet agent. Preferably, the anti-platelet agent is clopidogrel or prasugrel, more preferably clopidogrel.

The term thrombin inhibitors (or anti-thrombin agents), as used herein, denotes inhibitors of the serine protease thrombin. By inhibiting thrombin, various thrombin-mediated processes, such as thrombin-mediated platelet activation (that is, for example, the aggregation of platelets, and/or the secretion of platelet granule contents including serotonin) and/or fibrin formation are disrupted. A number of thrombin inhibitors are known to one of skill in the art and these inhibitors are contemplated to be used in combination with the present compounds. Such inhibitors include, but are not limited to, boroarginine derivatives, boropeptides, heparins, hirudin, argatroban, dabigatran, AZD-0837, and those disclosed in WO 98/37075 and WO 02/044145, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof. Boroarginine derivatives and boropeptides include N-acetyl and peptide derivatives of boronic acid, such as C-terminal a-aminoboronic acid derivatives of lysine, ornithine, arginine, homoarginine and corresponding isothiouronium analogs thereof. The term hirudin, as used herein, includes suitable derivatives or analogs of hirudin, referred to herein as hirulogs, such as disulfatohirudin.

The term thrombolytic (or fibrinolytic) agents (or thrombolytics or fibrinolytics), as used herein, denotes agents that lyse blood clots (thrombi). Such agents include tissue plasminogen activator (TPA, natural or recombinant) and modified forms thereof, anistreplase, urokinase, streptokinase, tenecteplase (TNK), lanoteplase (nPA), factor VIIa inhibitors, thrombin inhibitors, inhibitors of factors IXa, Xa, and XIa, PAI-I inhibitors (i.e., inactivators of tissue plasminogen activator inhibitors), inhibitors of activated TAFI, alpha-2-antiplasmin inhibitors, and anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof. The term anistreplase, as used herein, refers to anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex, as described, for example, in European Patent Application No. 028,489, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference herein. The term urokinase, as used herein, is intended to denote both dual and single chain urokinase, the latter also being referred to herein as prourokinase.

Examples of suitable cholesterol/lipid lowering agents and lipid profile therapies for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention include HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g., pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and other statins), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity modulators (e.g., HOE-402, PCSK9 inhibitors), bile acid sequestrants (e.g., cholestyramine and colestipol), nicotinic acid or derivatives thereof (e.g., NIASPAN®), GPR109B (nicotinic acid receptor) modulators, fenofibric acid derivatives (e.g., gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate and benzafibrate) and other peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) alpha modulators, PPARdelta modulators (e.g., GW-501516), PPARgamma modulators (e.g., rosiglitazone), compounds that have multiple functionality for modulating the activities of various combinations of PPARalpha, PPARgamma and PPARdelta, probucol or derivatives thereof (e.g., AGI-1067), cholesterol absorption inhibitors and/or Niemann-Pick C1-like transporter inhibitors (e.g., ezetimibe), cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors (e.g., CP-529414), squalene synthase inhibitors and/or squalene epoxidase inhibitors or mixtures thereof, acyl coenzyme A: cholesteryl acyltransferase (ACAT) 1 inhibitors, ACAT2 inhibitors, dual ACAT1/2 inhibitors, ileal bile acid transport inhibitors (or apical sodium co-dependent bile acid transport inhibitors), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors, liver-X-receptor (LXR) alpha modulators, LXRbeta modulators, LXR dual alpha/beta modulators, FXR modulators, omega 3 fatty acids (e.g., 3-PUFA), plant stanols and/or fatty acid esters of plant stanols (e.g., sitostanol ester used in BENECOL® margarine), endothelial lipase inhibitors, and HDL functional mimetics which activate reverse cholesterol transport (e.g., apoAI derivatives or apoAI peptide mimetics).

The compounds of the present invention are also useful as standard or reference compounds, for example as a quality standard or control, in tests or assays involving the inhibition of thrombin, Factor VIIa, IXa, Xa, XIa, and/or plasma kallikrein. Such compounds may be provided in a commercial kit, for example, for use in pharmaceutical research involving thrombin, Factor VIIa, IXa, Xa, XIa, and/or plasma kallikrein. XIa. For example, a compound of the present invention could be used as a reference in an assay to compare its known activity to a compound with an unknown activity. This would ensure the experiment or that the assay was being performed properly and provide a basis for comparison, especially if the test compound was a derivative of the reference compound. When developing new assays or protocols, compounds according to the present invention could be used to test their effectiveness.

The compounds of the present invention may also be used in diagnostic assays involving thrombin, Factor VIIa, IXa, Xa, XIa, and/or plasma kallikrein. For example, the presence of thrombin, Factor VIIa, IXa, Xa XIa, and/or plasma kallikrein in an unknown sample could be determined by addition of the relevant chromogenic substrate, for example S2366 for Factor XIa, to a series of solutions containing test sample and optionally one of the compounds of the present invention. If production of pNA is observed in the solutions containing test sample, but not in the presence of a compound of the present invention, then one would conclude Factor XIa was present.

Extremely potent and selective compounds of the present invention, those having K_(i) values less than or equal to 0.001 μM against the target protease and greater than or equal to 0.1 μM against the other proteases, may also be used in diagnostic assays involving the quantitation of thrombin, Factor VIIa, IXa, Xa, XIa, and/or plasma kallikrein in serum samples. For example, the amount of Factor XIa in serum samples could be determined by careful titration of protease activity in the presence of the relevant chromogenic substrate, S2366, with a potent Factor XIa inhibitor of the present invention.

The present invention also encompasses an article of manufacture. As used herein, article of manufacture is intended to include, but not be limited to, kits and packages. The article of manufacture of the present invention, comprises: (a) a first container; (b) a pharmaceutical composition located within the first container, wherein the composition, comprises: a first therapeutic agent, comprising: a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof; and, (c) a package insert stating that the pharmaceutical composition can be used for the treatment of a thromboembolic and/or inflammatory disorder (as defined previously). In another embodiment, the package insert states that the pharmaceutical composition can be used in combination (as defined previously) with a second therapeutic agent to treat a thromboembolic and/or inflammatory disorder. The article of manufacture can further comprise: (d) a second container, wherein components (a) and (b) are located within the second container and component (c) is located within or outside of the second container. Located within the first and second containers means that the respective container holds the item within its boundaries.

The first container is a receptacle used to hold a pharmaceutical composition. This container can be for manufacturing, storing, shipping, and/or individual/bulk selling. First container is intended to cover a bottle, jar, vial, flask, syringe, tube (e.g., for a cream preparation), or any other container used to manufacture, hold, store, or distribute a pharmaceutical product.

The second container is one used to hold the first container and, optionally, the package insert. Examples of the second container include, but are not limited to, boxes (e.g., cardboard or plastic), crates, cartons, bags (e.g., paper or plastic bags), pouches, and sacks. The package insert can be physically attached to the outside of the first container via tape, glue, staple, or another method of attachment, or it can rest inside the second container without any physical means of attachment to the first container. Alternatively, the package insert is located on the outside of the second container. When located on the outside of the second container, it is preferable that the package insert is physically attached via tape, glue, staple, or another method of attachment. Alternatively, it can be adjacent to or touching the outside of the second container without being physically attached.

The package insert is a label, tag, marker, etc. that recites information relating to the pharmaceutical composition located within the first container. The information recited will usually be determined by the regulatory agency governing the area in which the article of manufacture is to be sold (e.g., the United States Food and Drug Administration). Preferably, the package insert specifically recites the indications for which the pharmaceutical composition has been approved. The package insert may be made of any material on which a person can read information contained therein or thereon. Preferably, the package insert is a printable material (e.g., paper, plastic, cardboard, foil, adhesive-backed paper or plastic, etc.) on which the desired information has been formed (e.g., printed or applied).

Other features of the invention will become apparent in the course of the following descriptions of exemplary embodiments that are given for illustration of the invention and are not intended to be limiting thereof. The following Examples have been prepared, isolated and characterized using the methods disclosed herein.

VI. General Synthesis Including Schemes

The compounds of the present invention may be synthesized by many methods available to those skilled in the art of organic chemistry (Maffrand, J. P. et al., Heterocycles, 16(1):35-37 (1981)). General synthetic schemes for preparing compounds of the present invention are described below. These schemes are illustrative and are not meant to limit the possible techniques one skilled in the art may use to prepare the compounds disclosed herein. Different methods to prepare the compounds of the present invention will be evident to those skilled in the art. Additionally, the various steps in the synthesis may be performed in an alternate sequence in order to give the desired compound or compounds.

Examples of compounds of the present invention prepared by methods described in the general schemes are given in the intermediates and examples section set out hereinafter. Preparation of homochiral examples may be carried out by techniques known to one skilled in the art. For example, homochiral compounds may be prepared by separation of racemic products by chiral phase preparative HPLC. Alternatively, the example compounds may be prepared by methods known to give enantiomerically enriched products. These include, but are not limited to, the incorporation of chiral auxiliary functionalities into racemic intermediates which serve to control the diastereoselectivity of transformations, providing enantio-enriched products upon cleavage of the chiral auxiliary.

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a number of ways known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. The compounds of the present invention can be synthesized using the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or by variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Preferred methods include, but are not limited to, those described below. The reactions are performed in a solvent or solvent mixture appropriate to the reagents and materials employed and suitable for the transformations being effected. It will be understood by those skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the functionality present on the molecule should be consistent with the transformations proposed. This will sometimes require a judgment to modify the order of the synthetic steps or to select one particular process scheme over another in order to obtain a desired compound of the invention.

It will also be recognized that another major consideration in the planning of any synthetic route in this field is the judicious choice of the protecting group used for protection of the reactive functional groups present in the compounds described in this invention. An authoritative account describing the many alternatives to the trained practitioner is Greene et al. (Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Edition, Wiley-Interscience (2006)).

Representative pyrimidinone compounds 1c of this invention can be prepared as described in Scheme 1. Using a modified procedure described by Xiao (Organic Letters, 11:1421 (2009)), suitably substituted pyrimidin-4-ol derivatives 1b can be coupled with an appropriately substituted macrocycle amine 1a in the presence of HATU and DBU in a solvent such as CH₃CN to provide pyrimidinone compounds 1c.

Representative dihydropyridone compounds 2f of this invention can be prepared as shown in Scheme 2. Starting from aldehyde 2a, vinyl Grignard addition (yielding allylic alcohol 2b) followed by oxidation gives vinyl ketones 2c. Michael addition of the an appropriately substituted macrocycle amine 1a followed by acylation with 2d affords compounds 2e, which upon cyclization with base provides the dihydropyridone 2f.

Representative azole compounds 3b of this invention can be made as shown in Scheme 3 by coupling intermediates 3a and an appropriately substituted macrocycle amine 1a using HATU and Hunig's base in DMF.

Representative macrocycle amine 4g of this invention can be made as shown in Scheme 4. Starting from 4a, coupling with 4b using Nigeishi reaction to give 4c. Coupling 4c with 4d using T3P to give 4e which goes through Grubbs II condition to form macrocycle 4f. The double bond and protecting Cbz group can then be taken off under hydrogenation condition to provide macrocycle amine 4g.

In some cases the R³ group on the macrocycle amine can be further functionalized. Examples are showed in Scheme 5 and 6.

Intermediates for preparation of compounds of the present invention corresponding to 7f can be prepared according to Scheme 7. Chloropyridine (Intermediate 3) is reacted with the anion of an appropriate nitrile to yield 7b. The nitrile 7b is reduced with DIBAL and the resultant amine is acylated with Intermediate 15, to furnish diene 7c. Ring-closing metathesis is accomplished under the action of Grubbs' 2^(nd) generation catalyst to yield macrocycle 7d. Double bond of 7d can be reduced using either PtO2 or Pd/C to give 7e. The protecting Boc group can be removed under HCl or TFA.

Intermediates for preparation of compounds of the present invention corresponding to 8g can be prepared according to Scheme 8. Intermediate 1 is converted to the boronic acid 8a, which is subsequently subjected to a Suzuki reaction to afford 8b and the resultant amine is acylated with Intermediate 15, to furnish diene 8c. Ring-closing metathesis is accomplished under the action of Grubbs' 2^(nd) generation catalyst to yield macrocycle 8d. Reduction of the olefin and pyridine ring is accomplished with PtO₂ to give 8e. Acylation or reductive amination of 8e gives macrocycles with the general structure 8f. The protecting Boc group can be removed under TFA and free-basing affords 8g.

Purification of intermediates and final products was carried out via either normal or reverse phase chromatography. Normal phase chromatography was carried out using pre-packed SiO₂ cartridges eluting with either gradients of hexanes and EtOAc or DCM and MeOH unless otherwise indicated. Reverse phase preparative HPLC was carried out using C18 columns eluting with gradients of Solvent A (90% water, 10% MeOH, 0.1% TFA) and Solvent B (10% water, 90% MeOH, 0.1% TFA, UV 220 nm) or with gradients of Solvent A (90% water, 10% ACN, 0.1% TFA) and Solvent B (10% water, 90% ACN, 0.1% TFA, UV 220 nm) or with gradients of Solvent A (98% water, 2% ACN, 0.05% TFA) and Solvent B (98% ACN, 2% water, 0.05% TFA, UV 220 nm) (or) Sunfire Prep C18 OBD 5u 30×100 mm, 25 min gradient from 0-100% B. A=H₂O/ACN/TFA 90:10:0.1. B=ACN/H₂O/TFA 90:10:0.1

Unless otherwise stated, analysis of final products was carried out by reverse phase analytical HPLC.

Method A: Waters SunFire column (3.5 μm C18, 3.0×150 mm). Gradient elution (0.5 mL/min) from 10-100% Solvent B for 12 min and then 100% Solvent B for 3 min was used. Solvent A is (95% water, 5% acetonitrile, 0.05% TFA) and Solvent B is (5% water, 95% acetonitrile, 0.05% TFA, UV 254 nm).

Method B: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.11 mL/min.

Method C: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% TFA; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% TFA; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.11 mL/min

Method X: Zorbax SB C18 column (4.6×75 mm). Gradient elution (2.5 mL/min) from 0-100% Solvent B for 8 min and then 100% Solvent B for 2 min was used. Solvent A is (90% water, 10% MeOH, 0.02% H₃PO₄) and Solvent B is (10% water, 90% MeOH, 0.02% H₃PO₄, UV 220 nm).

EXAMPLES Intermediate 1. Preparation of tert-Butyl N-[(1S)-1-(3-bromophenyl)but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate

1A. Preparation of (R)—N-[(1E)-(3-Bromophenyl)methylidene]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide

To 3-bromobenzaldehyde (7.8 g, 42.2 mmol) was added (R)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (5.11 g, 42.2 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (20.60 g, 63.2 mmol) in DCM (211 ml) and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 5 days. The reaction mixture was then partitioned with brine (50 ml) and DCM (50 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2×50 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (25 ml), dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated. Purification by normal phase chromatography using hexanes and EtOAc as eluents gave (R)—N-[(1E)-(3-bromophenyl)methylidene]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (11.8 g, 97%) as an amber oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.02 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (dt, J=7.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (ddd, J=8.0, 2.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.34-1.22 (m, 9H). MS (ESI) m/z: 290 (M+H)⁺.

1B. Preparation of (R)—N-[(1S)-1-(3-Bromophenyl)but-3-en-1-yl]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide

To (R)—N-[(1E)-(3-bromophenyl)methylidene]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (11.8 g, 40.9 mmol) in THF (190 ml), in a 3 neck flask, cooled to 0° C., was added allyl bromide (3.90 ml, 45.0 mmol) and In (6.58 g, 57.3 mmol). After stirred at rt for 18 h, the reaction was heated to 50° C. for 6 h, then stirred at rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite® and the filtrate was quenched with water (100 ml). A thick clear gelatinous material formed in the aqueous layer. The organics were extracted with EtOAc (4×75 ml). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried with MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to give (R)—N-[(1S)-1-(3-bromophenyl)but-3-en-1-yl]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide as a clear oil (9.6 g, 71%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.48 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dt, J=7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.18 (m, 2H), 5.79-5.66 (m, 1H), 5.23-5.16 (m, 2H), 4.46 (ddd, J=8.1, 5.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (s, 1H), 2.63-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.40 (m, 1H), 1.23-1.19 (m, 9H).

1C. Preparation of tert-Butyl N-[(1S)-1-(3-bromophenyl)but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate

To (R)—N-[(1S)-1-(3-bromophenyl)but-3-en-1-yl]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (9.6 g, 29.1 mmol) in MeOH (300 ml) was added conc. HCl (4 ml). After 3 h, the reaction was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in DCM (300 ml), cooled to 0° C., and then TEA (16.20 ml, 116 mmol) and Boc₂O (6.75 ml, 29.1 mmol) in DCM (20 ml) were added. After 18 h, additional Boc₂O (1 g) was added and the reaction was stirred 4 h. The reaction was quenched with water (100 ml) and extracted with DCM (3×50 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification by normal phase chromatography using hexanes and EtOAc as eluents gave tert-butyl N-[(1S)-1-(3-bromophenyl)but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate (7.3 g, 77%) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 326.08 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 2. Preparation of benzyl (S)-(1-(3-bromophenyl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate

To a round bottom flask was added (S)-tert-butyl (1-(3-bromophenyl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate, (5 g, 15.33 mmol), Dioxane (10 mL) and 4N HCl (7.66 mL, 30.7 mmol) in Dioxane. The reaction was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction was concentrated and dried. To the residue was added CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL), Hunig's Base (8.03 mL, 46.0 mmol) and Cbz-Cl (2.188 mL, 15.33 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 hr. The reaction was then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) and washed with water (50 ml) and brine (50 ml). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified using ISCO system (0-100% EtOAc/Hex gradient) to give (S)-benzyl (1-(3-bromophenyl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate (5.03 g, 13.96 mmol, 91% yield) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 360.0 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.22 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 5.67 (ddt, J=17.1, 10.1, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.21-5.05 (m, 5H), 4.79 (br. s., 1H), 2.65-2.39 (m, 2H).

Intermediate 3. Preparation of tert-Butyl N-[(1S)-1-(4-chloropyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate

3A. Preparation of 4-Chloro-2-[(E)-2-[(S)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinyl]ethenyl]pyridine

To a solution of S-(−)-t-butyl-sulfinamide (0.856 g, 7.06 mmol) in DCM (14.13 mL) was added sequentially CuSO₄ (2.481 g, 15.54 mmol) and 4-chloropicolinaldehyde [1.0 g, 7.06 mmol, prepared according to a modified described by Negi (Synthesis, 991 (1996))]. The white suspension was stirred at rt. After 3 h, the brown suspension was filtered through CELITE®, eluting with DCM, to give a clear brown filtrate. Concentration gave crude product as a brown oil weighing 1.85 g. Purification by normal phase chromatography gave tert-butyl N-[(1S)-1-(4-chloropyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate (1.31 g) as a clear, yellow oil. MS (ESI) m/z: 245.0 (M+H)⁺.

3B. Preparation of (R)—N-[(1S)-1-(4-Chloropyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide

To a cooled (0-5° C.) mixture of InCl₃ (13.56 g, 61.3 mmol) in THF (170 mL) was added dropwise over 30 min. allylmagnesium bromide (1M in Et₂O) (62 mL, 61.3 mmol). The reaction was allowed to warm to rt. After 1 h at rt, a solution of 4-chloro-2-[(E)-2-[(S)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinyl]ethenyl]pyridine (10 g, 40.9 mmol) in EtOH (170 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. After 2-3 h, the reaction was concentrated under vacuum at 50-55° C. The crude material was partitioned between EtOAc (200 ml) and water (1×50 ml) and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×50 ml). The organic layers were combined and washed with brine (1×100 ml), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give (R)—N-[(1S)-1-(4-chloropyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (13.5 g, 106%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m/z: 287.2 (M+H)+. This material was used in the next step without further purification.

3C. Preparation of (1S)-1-(4-Chloropyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-amine

(R)—N-[(1S)-1-(4-Chloropyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (75 g, 261 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (1500 mL). 6N HCl (750 ml, 4.5 mol) was added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2-3 h and then was concentrated. The residue was diluted with water (2 L), washed with EtOAc (500 ml). The aqueous layer was basified with sat. Na₂CO₃ solution, then extracted into EtOAc (3×1 L). The combined organic layers were washed with water (1×1 L) and brine (1×1 L), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and conc. under vacuum at 50-55° C. to give (1S)-1-(4-chloropyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-amine (43 g, 90%) which was without further purification. MS (ESI) m/z: 183.2 (M+H)+.

3D. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(1S)-1-(4-Chloropyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate

(1S)-1-(4-Chloropyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-amine (42 g, 230 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (420 mL), Et₃N (32.1 mL, 230 mmol) was added followed by dropwise addition of BOC₂O (53.4 mL, 230 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 2-3 h. The reaction was diluted with excess DCM (1 L), washed with water (1×500 ml) and brine (1×500 ml). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was then purified using silica gel chromatography to give tert-butyl N-[(1S)-1-(4-Chloropyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate (61 g, 86%) as a pale yellow solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 283.2 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.44 (d, 1H), 7.26-7.16 (dd, 2H), 5.69-5.61 (m, 1H), 5.59 (bs, 1H), 5.07-5.03 (m, 2H), 4.76 (bs, 1H), 2.62-2.55 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).

Intermediate 5. Preparation of 6-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]pyrimidin-4-ol

5A. Preparation of 4-Chloro-2-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl) aniline

In a 20 mL microwave vial was added 2-bromo-4-chloroaniline (3 g, 14.53 mmol), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5.53 g, 21.80 mmol), KOAc (3.66 g, 37.3 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂—CH₂Cl₂ adduct (0.32 g, 0.44 mmol) and DMSO (9 mL). The resulting suspension was purged with N₂, capped and heated at 80° C. for 22 h. The reaction was cooled to rt. Water was added to dissolve the salts, then the reaction was filtered. The remaining solid was suspended in DCM and the insoluble solid was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and then purified by normal phase chromatography to give 4-chloro-2-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)aniline (3.15 g, 86% yield) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 172.3 (M-C₆H₁₀+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.54 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (dd, J=8.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (br. s., 2H), 1.34 (s, 12H).

5B. Preparation of 4-Chloro-2-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)aniline

A RBF containing 4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine (3.13 g, 21.62 mmol), 4-chloro-2-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)aniline (7.31 g, 21.62 mmol), Na₂CO₃ (2.29 g, 21.62 mmol), DME (86 ml), EtOH (10.81 ml) and water (10.81 ml) was equipped with a condenser. The mixture was purged with Ar for several min then Pd(dppf)Cl₂—CH₂Cl₂ adduct (1.77 g, 2.16 mmol) was added. The reaction was heated at 90° C. for 5 h. The reaction was cooled to rt, diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, concentrated and purified by normal phase chromatography to give 4-chloro-2-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)aniline (2.86 g, 56.1% yield) as yellow solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 236.0 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.78 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (dd, J=8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.89 (br. s., 2H), 4.03 (s, 3H).

5C. Preparation of 4-{5-Chloro-2-[4-(trimethylsilyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-methoxypyrimidine

To a solution of 4-chloro-2-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)aniline (1.5 g, 6.36 mmol) in ACN (90 ml) at 0° C. was added 3-methylbutyl nitrite (1.28 ml, 9.55 mmol), followed by the dropwise addition of TMSN₃ (1.26 ml, 9.55 mmol). Gas evolution was observed. After 10 min, the ice bath was removed, and the reaction was allowed to warm to rt. After 1 h, ethynyltrimethylsilane (2.72 ml, 19.09 mmol) and Cu₂O (0.09 g, 0.64 mmol) were added and the reaction was stirred for an additional 1 h. The reaction was partitioned in EtOAc and sat NH₄Cl, and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. Purification by normal phase chromatography gave 4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trimethylsilyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-methoxypyrimidine (2.13 g, 5.92 mmol, 93% yield) as a yellow solid.

MS(ESI) m/z: 360.3 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.71 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.61-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.54-7.48 (m, 2H), 6.20 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 0.32-0.28 (m, 9H).

5D. Preparation of 4-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-methoxypyrimidine

To a solution of 4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trimethylsilyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-methoxypyrimidine (1.56 g, 4.33 mmol) in ACN (28.9 ml) was added NCS (2.03 g, 15.17 mmol) and silica gel (6.51 g, 108 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. Then, the reaction was filtered to remove the silica gel and the collected silica gel was washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was washed with water (2×), brine and concentrated. Purification by normal phase chromatography gave 4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-methoxypyrimidine (0.90 g, 64.5% yield) as a yellow foam.

MS(ESI) m/z: 322.3 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.70 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.66-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H).

5E. Preparation of 6-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]pyrimidin-4-ol

To a solution of 4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-methoxypyrimidine (900 mg, 2.79 mmol) in AcOH (6 ml) was added 48% aq HBr (3 ml, 26.5 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 85° C. for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated to dryness and then partitioned between EtOAc and saturated aqueous NaHCO3. The mixture was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic layers were combined, concentrated, and then the residue was purified by normal phase chromatography to give a white solid. The solid was suspended in Et₂O, filtered and washed with Et₂O to give 6-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]pyrimidin-4-ol (610 mg, 70.9% yield) as a white solid. MS(ESI) m/z: 308.3 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.74-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.62 (dd, J=8.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H).

Intermediate 6. Preparation of 6-{5-Chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}pyrimidin-4-ol

6A. Preparation of 4-{5-Chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-methoxypyrimidine

To a solution of 4-chloro-2-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)aniline (1.0 g, 4.24 mmol) in ACN (60.6 ml) at 0° C. was added 3-methylbutyl nitrite (0.86 ml, 6.36 mmol) followed by the dropwise addition of TMSN₃ (0.84 ml, 6.36 mmol). Gas evolution was observed. After 10 min, the ice bath was removed, and the reaction was allowed to warm to rt. After 2 h, Cu₂O (61 mg, 0.42 mmol) was added followed by a slow bubbling of 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-yne gas over a period of 5 min. After an additional 10 min, the reaction was partitioned between DCM and sat NH₄Cl and then the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. Purification by normal phase chromatography gave 4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-methoxypyrimidine (1.46 g, 97% yield) as a yellow solid. MS(ESI) m/z: 356.1 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.62 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.66-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) □ −61.10 (s).

6B. Preparation of 6-{5-Chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}pyrimidin-4-ol

To a solution of 4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-methoxypyrimidine (1.46 g, 4.10 mmol) in AcOH (10 ml) was added 48% aq HBr (5 ml, 44.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 85° C. for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated to dryness and then partitioned between EtOAc and sat NaHCO3. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic layers were combined and washed with sat NaHCO₃, brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and the solvent was reduced under vacuum until some solid started to form. The resulting suspension was triturated with Et₂O. The solid was filtered and washed with Et₂O to give 6-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}pyrimidin-4-ol (1 g, 71.3% yield) as a pale yellow solid. MS(ESI) m/z: 342.0 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.83 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.79-7.72 (m, 1H), 7.70-7.62 (m, 1H), 6.45 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CD₃OD)

−62.61 (s).

Intermediate 7. Preparation of 6-(3-Chloro-6-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-4-ol

7A. Preparation of N-(4-Chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide

To a suspension of 4-chloro-3-fluoroaniline (10.67 g, 73.3 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (24.5 g, 125 mmol) in Et₂O (300 mL) at −10° C. under N₂ was added TFAA (12.23 mL, 88 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and then stirred for 18 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with hexane (300 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was washed with ice-water, 10% aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. A pale yellow solid obtained as N-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (17 g, 96% yield). MS (ESI) m/z: 242.1 (M+H)⁺.

7B. Preparation of (6-Amino-3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)boronic acid

To a cooled (−78° C.) clear, colorless solution of N-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (5 g, 20.70 mmol) in THF (69.0 ml) was added dropwise 2.5 M BuLi in hexane (16.56 ml, 41.4 mmol) over 15 min, keeping the internal temperature below −60° C. The resulting clear, yellow solution was stirred at −78° C. for 10 min, then the reaction was allowed to warm to −50° C. over 1 h. The resulting clear brown solution was cooled to −78° C. and then B(O-iPr)₃ (10.51 ml, 45.5 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 10 min, and then the ice bath was removed and the reaction was allowed to warm to rt. The resulting orange suspension was stirred at rt for 2 h, then cooled in ice bath and quenched with 1 N HCl (40 ml). The reaction mixture was warmed to 40° C. for 1 h and then cooled to rt. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with brine and concentrated. Purification by normal phase chromatography afforded (6-amino-3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)boronic acid (3 g, 76.6% yield). MS (ESI) m/z: 190.1 (M+H)⁺.

7C. Preparation of 4-Chloro-3-fluoro-2-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)aniline

Reaction was done in a 350 ml pressure bottle. A solution of 4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine (1.784 g, 12.34 mmol), (6-amino-3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)boronic acid (3.3 g, 12.34 mmol) in toluene (25 ml) and EtOH (25 ml) was purged with N₂ for several min. DIEA (4.31 ml, 24.68 mmol) followed by Pd(Ph₃P)₄ (1.426 g, 1.234 mmol) were added. The flask was capped and the reaction was heated at 120° C. for 2 h, then cooled to rt, and concentrated. Purification by normal phase chromatography afforded 4-chloro-3-fluoro-2-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)aniline (2 g, 45.2% yield) as a yellow solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 254.0 (M+H)⁺.

7D. Preparation of 4-(3-Chloro-2-fluoro-6-(4-(trimethylsilyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)-6-methoxypyrimidine

To a cooled (0° C.), clear, yellow solution of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-2-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)aniline (2.1 g, 8.28 mmol) in ACN (118 ml) was added isoamyl nitrite (1.67 ml, 12.42 mmol), followed by the dropwise addition of TMSN₃ (1.63 ml, 12.42 mmol). After 10 min, the cold bath was removed, and the reaction was allowed to warm to rt. After 2 h, ethynyltrimethylsilane (3.54 ml, 24.84 mmol) and Cu₂O (0.118 g, 0.83 mmol) were added, and the reaction was stirred at rt for 1.5 h. The reaction was then diluted with EtOAc and washed with sat NH₄Cl, brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give a brown oil. Purification by normal phase chromatography afforded 4-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-6-(4-(trimethylsilyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)-6-methoxypyrimidine (2.71 g, 87% yield) as a brown solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 378.1 (M+H)⁺.

7E. Preparation of 4-(3-Chloro-6-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)-6-methoxypyrimidine

In a RBF equipped with stirring bar and condenser was added 4-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-6-(4-(trimethylsilyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)-6-methoxypyrimidine (2.71 g, 7.17 mmol), NCS (3.35 g, 25.1 mmol), and silica gel (10.77 g, 179 mmol), followed by ACN (47.8 ml). The reaction was heated at 80° C. for 1 h, and then cooled to rt. The reaction was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was redissolved in EtOAc and washed with sat NaHCO₃, water, brine, and concentrated. Purification by normal phase chromatography afforded 4-(3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)-6-methoxypyrimidine (1.05 g, 43.0% yield) as a yellow solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 340.0 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.68 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.71-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (s, 1H), 4.02 (s, 3H).

7F. Preparation of 6-(3-Chloro-6-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-4-ol

A clear, yellow solution of 4-(3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)-6-methoxypyrimidine (1.05 g, 3.09 mmol) in HOAc (15.43 ml) and 48% aq HBr (17.46 ml, 154 mmol) was warmed to 65° C. for 3 h, and then cooled to rt and concentrated. The yellow gum was suspended in EtOAc and washed with sat NaHCO₃ (2×), brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. To the residue was added Et₂O (10 ml), and the resulting suspension was sonicated then filtered. The solid was rinsed with Et₂O (2 ml), air-dried with suction to afford 6-(3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-4-ol (0.79 g, 78% yield) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 326.3 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (dd, J=8.7, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (dd, J=8.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 11. Preparation of 1-(3-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid

11A. Preparation of Ethyl 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate

A solution of ethyl 2-((dimethylamino)methylene)-3-oxobutanoate (0.517 g, 2.79 mmol), (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)hydrazine hydrochloride (0.500 g, 2.54 mmol) in EtOH (2.54 mL) and TEA (0.707 mL, 5.08 mmol) was stirred at rt. After 10 min, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography. The desired product, ethyl 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (200 mg, 28%), was obtained as an off white solid. MS(ESI) m/z: 283.1 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 11. Preparation of 1-(3-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid

To a solution of ethyl 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.177 mmol) in MeOH (0.884 mL) was added 1 N NaOH (aqueous) (1.061 mL, 1.061 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at 50° C. in a sealed vial for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to rt and concentrated. The residue was then partitioned between 1 N HCl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, and concentrated to give Intermediate 25 as an off-white solid (48 mg, 107%). MS(ESI) m/z: 255.0 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 12. Preparation of 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid

Intermediate 12A. Preparation of ethyl 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate

Using a modified procedure of Sreedhar. (Reference: Sreedhar, B., Synthesis, 795 (2008)). To a suspension of ethyl 4-methyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate (0.530 g, 3.44 mmol) and (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)boronic acid (0.500 g, 2.87 mmol) in MeOH (5.74 mL) was added cuprous oxide (0.041 g, 0.287 mmol). The resulting purple suspension was stirred vigorously under an atmosphere of air (drying tube used). After 20 h, the reaction mixture was filtered to remove the solids and the clear blue filtrate was concentrated to give a blue solid. The blue solid was suspended in DCM and filtered to remove the solids and the blue filtrate was concentrated to give a pale blue solid weighing 0.187 g. Purification by normal phase chromatography gave ethyl 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate (0.0187 g, 2%) as a clear, colorless residue and ethyl 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate (Intermediate 24A) (0.0079 g, 1%) as a clear, colorless residue. MS(ESI) m/z: 283.1 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 12A can also be synthesized in three steps according to the following sequence:

Intermediate 12A1. Preparation of Ethyl 3-((3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)amino)-2-nitrobut-2-enoate

Using a modified procedure described by Gomez-Sanchez. (Reference: Gomez-Sanchez, A. et al., Anales De Quimica, 81(2):139 (1985).) A clear, faint yellow solution of ethyl nitroacetate (4.17 ml, 37.6 mmol) and triethylorthoacetate (6.93 mL, 37.6 mmol) in toluene (9.39 mL) was heated to 110° C. A Dean-Stark trap was used to azeotrope the ethanol. Approximately every 30 min, the solvent was removed from the Dean-Stark and additional toluene (6 mL) was added to the reaction flask. Over the course of the reaction the color became a clear, dull yellow color. After 7.5 h, the reaction was stopped and it was cooled to rt. Excess solvent and starting materials were removed by distillation (5 mm Hg at 100° C.) leaving ethyl 3-ethoxy-2-nitrobut-2-enoate (5.46 g) as an orange liquid. An orange solution of 3-chloro-2-fluoroaniline (5.86 g, 40.2 mmol) and ethyl 3-ethoxy-2-nitrobut-2-enoate (5.45 g, 26.8 mmol) in ethanol (13.41 mL) was stirred at rt. After 7 h, the reaction was stopped and concentrated to give an orange oil. The orange oil was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1.0 N HCl (2×), saturated NaHCO₃, brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give an orange oil. Purification by normal phase chromatography gave Intermediate 24A1 (2.90 g, 36%) as a viscous orange-yellow oil. ¹H NMR indicated a 1:1 E:Z mixture. MS(ESI) m/z: 325.0 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 11.54 (br. s., 1H), 10.77 (br. s., 1H), 7.50-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.12 (m, 4H), 4.39 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.34 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 2.12 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.39 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.36 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

Intermediate 12A (Alternative). Preparation of Ethyl 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate

Using a modified procedure described by Gomez-Sanchez. (Reference: Gomez-Sanchez, A. et al., J. Heterocyclic Chem., 24:1757 (1987).) A clear, yellow solution of Intermediate 12A1 (2.90 g, 9.58 mmol) in triethylorthoformate (96 mL) was degassed with argon for 20 min. Next, platinum on carbon (0.935 g, 0.479 mmol) was added. The flask was equipped with a reflux condenser and the reaction was purged with hydrogen (balloon) for several minutes. The reaction was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere and the reaction was warmed to 75° C. After a total of 4 h, the reaction was cooled to rt. The reaction was placed under vacuum for several minutes and then backfilled with argon. The process was repeated a total of 5 times. Next, CELITE® was added and the reaction was filtered, washing with ethanol. The filtrate was concentrated to give a clear, yellow-brown oil weighing 3.17 g. Purification by normal phase chromatography provided Intermediate 24A (Alternative) (1.64 g, 61%) as a white solid. MS(ESI) m/z: 283.0 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, methanol-d₄) δ 7.82 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (ddd, J=8.3, 6.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (ddd, J=8.0, 6.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.38 (m, 1H), 4.36 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.39 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 3H), 1.39 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Intermediate 12. Preparation of 1-(3-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid, 1 HCl

To a clear, colorless solution Intermediate 12A (Alternative) (1.64 g, 5.80 mmol) in methanol (29.0 ml) was added 1.0 M NaOH (17.40 mL, 17.40 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt. After 20 h, the reaction was concentrated under high vacuum with minimal heating to give a white solid. The solid was suspended in water and 1.0 N HCl was added until the mixture was at a pH=1-2. The solid was collected by filtration and rinsed with water, air-dried, and dried under high vacuum to give Intermediate 24 (1.44 g, 81%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.91 (d, J=0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (ddd, J=8.3, 6.9, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (td, J=7.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (td, J=8.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H). MS(ESI) m/z: 255.0 (M+H)⁺ and 257.0 (M+2+H)⁺.

Intermediate 13 Preparation of 5-chloro-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid

13A. Preparation of Ethyl 5-amino-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate

To a mixture of (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)hydrazine hydrochloride (0.67 g, 3.40 mmol), (E)-ethyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate (0.633 g, 3.72 mmol) and sodium acetate (0.586 g, 7.12 mmol) at room temperature was added AcOH and H₂O to form a slurry. The reaction mixture was continued to stir at room temperature for 0.25 h and then heated at 100° C. overnight. After overnight stirring, the reaction mixture was quenched with H₂O (200 mL) and a yellowish brown solid separated. The solids were filtered and washed thoroughly with H₂O. Re-dissolved the residue in DCM, dried and evaporated to a brown solid as the desired product (0.76 g, 78%). MS (ESI) m/z: 284.2 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.03 (m, 1H), 5.30-5.06 (m, 2H), 4.24 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.38-1.04 (m, 3H) ppm.

13B

To acetonitrile (7 ml) was added butylnitrite (0.381 ml, 3.25 mmol) followed by CuCl2 (0.437 g, 3.25 mmol). After stirring for 0.5 h the pyrazole ethyl 5-amino-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (0.615 g, 2.168 mmol) in acetonitrile (3 ml) was added dropwise via a syringe. The reaction mixture was subsequently stirred at r.t. for 2 h. Quenched with water (100 ml) and extracted organics with EtOAc (2×100 ml), dried (MgSO4) and evaporated to a yellow oil. Purified via 40 g silica gel ISCO column and eluted with Hex/EtOAc. Pure product eluted at approx 20% EtOAc. Concentrated to a yellowish-brown oil (0.61 g, 93%). LCMS m/z 303.0 (M+H)⁺.

13. Preparation of 5-chloro-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid

Intermediate 13B (0.61 g, 2.01 mmol) was dissolved in THF (10 ml) and to this solution was added sequentially LiOH (0.2 g) and methanol (5 ml) and water added (7 ml). the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at r.t. for 2 h. Quenched with dil HCl (1N, 100 ml) and extracted organics with EtOAc (2×100 ml), dried and evaporated to a white solid. Purified via prep HPLC to afford the desired product as a white solid (0.26 g, 46%). LCMs m/z=275.1 (M+H). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ 8.24(s, 1H), 7.53-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H).

Intermediate 14. Preparation of 1-(3-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid

14A. Preparation of ethyl 5-amino-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate

To a mixture of (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)hydrazine hydrochloride (0.67 g, 3.40 mmol), (E)-ethyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate (0.633 g, 3.72 mmol) and sodium acetate (0.586 g, 7.12 mmol) at rt was added AcOH and H₂O to form a slurry. The reaction mixture was continued to stir at rt for 0.25 h and then heated at 100° C. for overnight. After overnight stirring, the reaction mixture was quenched with H₂O (200 mL) and a yellowish brown solid separated. The solids were filtered and washed thoroughly with H₂O. Re-dissolved the residue in DCM, dried and evaporated to a brown solid as the desired product (0.76 g, 78%). MS(ESI) m/z: 284.2 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.03 (m, 1H), 5.30-5.06 (m, 2H), 4.24 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.38-1.04 (m, 3H) ppm.

14. Preparation of 1-(3-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid

A mixture of Intermediate ethyl 5-amino-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (0.317 g, 1.117 mmol), isoamylnitrite (1.304 g, 11.14 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was heated at 100° C. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to yield the crude product. To the crude product was added NaOH (0.610 g, 10 Eq), MeOH and H₂O. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched with H₂O (100 mL) and extracted the unreacted starting material with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The aqueous layer was then acidified with HCl (1 N) and then extracted the organics with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give Intermediate 2 as a brown solid mass. MS(ESI) m/z: 240.9 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.49 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.77 (ddd, J=8.3, 6.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.10 (m, 1H) ppm.

Intermediate 15. (R)-2-methylbut-3-enoic acid

15A. Preparation of (R)-4-Benzyl-3-((R)-2-methylbut-3-enoyl)oxazolidin-2-one

To the solution of 2-methylbut-3-enoic acid (5.59 g, 55.9 mmol) and N-methylmorpholine (6.14 ml, 55.9 mmol) in THF (62 mL) at 0° C. was added pivaloyl chloride (6.87 ml, 55.9 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was cooled to −78° C., and stirred for ˜2 h. In a separate flask: To the solution of (R)-4-benzyloxazolidin-2-one (8.25 g, 46.6 mmol) in THF (126 mL) at −78° C. was added N-butyllithium (2.5 M in hexane) (20.49 mL, 51.2 mmol) dropwise. After 35 min, this reaction was transferred via cannula to the first reaction. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h, then the cold bath was removed, and the reaction was quenched with sat. NH₄Cl. The reaction was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give a yellow oil (15 g). Purification by silica gel chromatography afforded (R)-4-benzyl-3-((R)-2-methylbut-3-enoyl)oxazolidin-2-one (6.59 g, 55%) as a colorless oil. MS (ESI) m/z: 282.1 (M+Na)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.36-7.19 (m, 5H), 6.03-5.93 (m, 1H), 5.23-5.10 (m, 2H), 4.69-4.63 (m, 1H), 4.51-4.43 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.15 (m, 2H), 3.29 (dd, J=13.5, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (dd, J=13.5, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 1.35 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H) ppm. The other diastereomer (R)-4-benzyl-3-((S)-2-methylbut-3-enoyl)oxazolidin-2-one (4.6 g, 38%) also was obtained as a white solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 260.1 (M+H)⁺.

15B. Preparation of (R)-2-Methylbut-3-enoic acid

To a clear colorless solution of (R)-4-benzyl-3-((R)-2-methylbut-3-enoyl)oxazolidin-2-one (6.05 g, 23.33 mmol) in THF (146 mL) at 0° C. was added dropwise hydrogen peroxide (9.53 mL, 93 mmol) (30% aqueous) followed by 2 N lithium hydroxide (23.33 mL, 46.7 mmol). After 30 min, the reaction was quenched with 25 mL of sat'd Na₂SO₃ and 25 mL of sat'd NaHCO₃. The reaction was then concentrated to remove the THF. The residue was diluted with water and extracted with CHCl₃ (3×). The aqueous layer was acidified with conc. HCl to pH˜3 and then it was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The EtOAc layers were combined, washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford (R)-2-methylbut-3-enoic acid (2.15 g, 92%) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.84 (br. s., 1H), 5.94 (ddd, J=17.4, 10.1, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.22-5.13 (m, 2H), 3.23-3.15 (m, 1H), 1.31 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 1. Preparation of methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate

1A. Preparation of (R)-methyl 3-(3-((S)-1-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)but-3-en-1-yl)phenyl)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoate

To a dry microwave tube was added zinc (0.00 mmol), TMS-Cl (0.032 mL, 0.250 mmol), 1,2-dibromoethane (0.043 mL, 0.500 mmol) and DMF (10 mL). The reaction was purged with argon and then sealed. The reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 1 hr. Then (S)-methyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-iodopropanoate (2056 mg, 6.25 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 2 hr. Then palladium(II) acetate (46.7 mg, 0.208 mmol), 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (198 mg, 0.416 mmol) and benzyl (S)-(1-(3-bromophenyl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate, prepared in Intermediate 2 (1500 mg, 4.16 mmol) was added to the reaction and the reaction was stirred at 110° C. for 18 hr. The reaction was partitioned between water (20 ml) and EtOAc (30 ml). The organic layer was separated, washed with water (20 ml) and brine (20 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified using ISCO system (0-60% EtOAc/Hex gradient) to give (R)-methyl 3-(3-((S)-1-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)but-3-en-1-yl)phenyl)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoate (650 mg, 1.347 mmol, 32.3% yield) as a clear oil. (ESI) m/z: 483.1 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.43-7.23 (m, 6H), 7.22-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.88-5.66 (m, 1H), 5.16-5.00 (m, 4H), 4.67 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (dd, J=8.0, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.18-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.93 (dd, J=13.6, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.45-1.34 (m, 9H).

1B. Preparation of (R)-methyl 2-amino-3-(3-((S)-1-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)but-3-en-1-yl)phenyl)propanoate

To a RBF was added (R)-methyl 3-(3-((S)-1-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)but-3-en-1-yl)phenyl)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoate (410 mg, 0.850 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and TFA (5 mL). The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 hr. The reaction was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (30 ml) and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×30 ml), water (20 ml) and brine (20 ml). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give (R)-methyl 2-amino-3-(3-((S)-1-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)but-3-en-1-yl)phenyl)propanoate (290 mg, 0.758 mmol, 89% yield) as clear oil. (ESI) m/z: 383.1 (M+H)⁺.

1C. Preparation of (R)-methyl 3-(3-((S)-1-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)but-3-en-1-yl)phenyl)-2-((R)-2-methylbut-3-enamido)propanoate

To a RBF was added (R)-methyl 2-amino-3-(3-((S)-1-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)but-3-en-1-yl)phenyl)propanoate (290 mg, 0.584 mmol), Ethyl acetate (10 mL), (R)-2-methylbut-3-enoic acid, prepared in intermediate 15 (70.2 mg, 0.701 mmol), pyridine (0.00 mmol) and 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide (0.695 mL, 1.168 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 4 hr. The reaction was quenched with water (5 ml) and diluted with EtOAc (30 ml). The reaction was then washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×30 ml), water (30 ml) and brine (30 ml). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified using ISCO system (0-100% EtOAc/Hex gradient) to give (R)-methyl 3-(3-((S)-1-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)but-3-en-1-yl)phenyl)-2-((R)-2-methylbut-3-enamido)propanoate (195 mg, 0.420 mmol, 71.9% yield) as a white solid. (ESI) m/z: 465.2 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.50-7.02 (m, 9H), 5.97-5.66 (m, 2H), 5.07 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 6H), 4.76-4.55 (m, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.26-3.12 (m, 1H), 3.05-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.38 (m, 2H), 1.07 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

1D. Preparation of methyl (3R,6R,7E,10S)-10-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),7,11,13-tetraene-3-carboxylate

To a microwave vial was added (R)-methyl 3-(3-((S)-1-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)but-3-en-1-yl)phenyl)-2-((R)-2-methylbut-3-enamido)propanoate (50 mg, 0.108 mmol) and ClCH₂CH₂Cl (11 mL). The reaction was purged with argon for 5 min. Then Grubbs II (18.28 mg, 0.022 mmol) was added and the reaction was sealed and stirred in microwave at 120° C. for 45 min. The reaction was concentrated and purified using ISCO system (0-100% EtOAc/Hex gradient) to give methyl (3R,6R,7E,10S)-10-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),7,11,13-tetraene-3-carboxylate (25 mg, 0.057 mmol, 53.2% yield) as a beige solid. (ESI) m/z: 437.5 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.31-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.25 (m, 5H), 7.20-7.15 (m, 1H), 7.07-6.98 (m, 1H), 6.86-6.72 (m, 1H), 5.80-5.64 (m, 1H), 5.14-5.04 (m, 2H), 4.98-4.87 (m, 2H), 4.81-4.72 (m, 1H), 4.59-4.47 (m, 1H), 3.85-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.22-3.17 (m, 1H), 3.01-2.89 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.31 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H).

1E. Preparation of methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate

To a 3-neck RBF was added methyl (3R,6R,7E,10S)-10-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),7,11,13-tetraene-3-carboxylate (215 mg, 0.493 mmol), Ethanol (15 mL) and Pd/C (52.4 mg, 0.049 mmol). The reaction was stirred under hydrogen balloon for 3 hr. The reaction was carefully filtered through Celite and the filtrate as concentrated to give methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate (150 mg, 0.493 mmol, 100% yield) as a beige solid. (ESI) m/z: 305.5 (M+H)⁺.

Example 1. Preparation of methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate

To a RBF was added 6-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]pyrimidin-4-ol, prepared in Intermediate 5 (62.4 mg, 0.202 mmol), ACN (5 mL), HATU (91 mg, 0.239 mmol) and DBU (0.042 mL, 0.276 mmol). The suspension turned into a solution after DBU was added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 10 min. Then methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate (56 mg, 0.184 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at rt for 18 hr. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc (30 ml) and washed with water (2×20 ml) and brine (20 ml). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified using ISCO system (0-100% EtOAc/Hex gradient) to give (3R,6R,10S)-10-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate (45 mg, 0.073 mmol, 39.4% yield) as a white solid. (ESI) m/z: 595.2 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (dd, J=8.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.66-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.14 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (s, 1H), 5.75 (dd, J=13.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (dd, J=12.0, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.16-3.06 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.24 (m, 1H), 1.19 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.96-0.91 (m, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=7.991 min, purity=96%. Factor XIa Ki=53 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=13020 nM.

Example 2. Preparation of (3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one

2A. Preparation of methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate

To a 3-neck RBF was added methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate (150 mg, 0.493 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and BOC₂O (0.114 mL, 0.493 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 hr. The reaction was concentrated and the residue was purified using ISCO system (0-100% EtOAc/Hex gradient) to give methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate (165 mg, 0.408 mmol, 83% yield) as a white solid. (ESI) m/z: 427.0 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.32-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 3H), 4.55 (dd, J=10.7, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.36 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.05 (dd, J=13.5, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 2.18-2.06 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.56 (m, 1H), 1.42 (br. s., 9H), 1.33-1.18 (m, 4H), 1.10 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 0.88-0.75 (m, 1H).

2B. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(3R,6R,10S)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]carbamate

To a RBF was added methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate (85 mg, 0.210 mmol), THF (5 mL). The reaction was cooled to 0° C. Then LiBH₄ (0.210 mL, 0.420 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 5 hr. The reaction was quenched with NH₄Cl (sat. 5 ml). The reaction was then partitioned between water (30 ml) and EtOAc (35 ml). The organic layer was separated, washed with water (2×20 ml) and brine (20 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give tert-butyl N-[(3R,6R,10S)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]carbamate (76 mg, 0.202 mmol, 96% yield) as a white solid. (ESI) m/z: 377.0 (M+H)⁺.

2C. Preparation of (3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one

To a RBF was added tert-butyl N-[(3R,6R,10S)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]carbamate (17 mg, 0.045 mmol), Dioxane (0.5 mL) and HCl (1.372 μl, 0.045 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 30 mins. The reaction was concentrated. The HCl salt was neutralized using cartridge to give (3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one (12 mg, 0.043 mmol, 96% yield) as a free base. (ESI) m/z: 277.4 (M+H)⁺.

Example 2. Preparation of (3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one

(3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-Chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one (7 mg, 0.011 mmol) was prepared in a similar manner as the procedure described in Example 1, by replacing 6-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]pyrimidin-4-ol, prepared in intermediate 5 with 6-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}pyrimidin-4-ol, prepared in intermediate 6, and replacing methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate with (3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one. (ESI) m/z: 601.1 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.74 (m, 1H), 7.71-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 5.74 (dd, J=13.1, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.70-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.05 (dd, J=13.3, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 2.87-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.11 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.18 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.01-0.87 (m, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=7.581 min, purity=96%. Factor XIa Ki=445 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=13020 nM.

Example 3. Preparation of [(3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]methyl N-methylcarbamate, trifluoromethyl acetate

To a 1-dram vial was added (3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-Chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, prepared in Example 2 (5 mg, 8.32 μmol, DMF (0.5 mL), Et₃N (0.580 μl, 4.16 μmol) and isocyanatomethane (4.75 mg, 0.083 mmol). The reaction was warmed to 65° C. and stirred at 65° C. for 5 hr. The reaction was diluted with MeOH (1 ml) and purified using RP prep-HPLC to give [(3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]methyl N-methylcarbamate, trifluoromethyl acetate (2.9 mg, 3.68 μmol, 44.2% yield) as a white solid. (ESI) m/z: 658.5 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.79 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.74 (m, 1H), 7.71-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.54-6.48 (m, 1H), 5.74 (dd, J=12.9, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.11 (m, 2H), 4.06 (br. s., 1H), 3.01-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.88-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 2.34-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.16 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.99-0.82 (m, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=7.581 min, purity=96%. Factor XIa Ki=109 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=13020 nM.

Example 4. Preparation of methyl N-{2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}carbamate, trifluoromethyl acetate

4A. Preparation of benzyl N-[(1S)-1-{3-[(2R)-2-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-hydroxypropyl]phenyl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate

To a RBF was added (R)-methyl 3-(3-((S)-1-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)but-3-en-1-yl)phenyl)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoate (100 mg, 0.207 mmol) and THF (5 mL). The reaction was cooled to 0° C. Then LiBH₄ (0.104 mL, 0.207 mmol) was added to the reaction. The reaction was stirred at 0° for 3 hr. The reaction was quenched with water (0.5 ml). The reaction was concentrated. The residue was purified using RP prep-HPLC to give benzyl N-[(1S)-1-{3-[(2R)-2-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-hydroxypropyl]phenyl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate (18 mg, 0.040 mmol, 19.11% yield) as a clear oil. (ESI) m/z: 477.4 (M+H)⁺.

4B. Preparation of benzyl N-[(1S)-1-{3-[(2R)-2-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-cyanopropyl]phenyl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate

To a RBF was added benzyl N-[(1S)-1-{3-[(2R)-2-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-hydroxypropyl]phenyl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate (18 mg, 0.040 mmol), THF (0.5 mL) and Et₃N (6.62 μl, 0.048 mmol). The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and Ms-Cl (3.39 μl, 0.044 mmol) was added to the reaction. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 3 hr. The reaction was then partitioned between EtOAc (20 ml) and water (10 ml). The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (10 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. To the flask which contained the residue was added DMSO (0.5 mL) and sodium cyanide (7.8 mg, 0.158 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 4 hr. The reaction was partitioned between EtOAc (15 ml) and water (10 ml). The organic layer was separated, washed with water (10 ml) and brine (10 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified using RP prep-HPLC to give benzyl N-[(1S)-1-{3-[(2R)-2-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-cyanopropyl]phenyl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate (9 mg, 0.019 mmol, 49.0% yield) as an off white solid. (ESI) m/z: 464.3 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.40-7.25 (m, 6H), 7.23-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.14 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (ddt, J=17.0, 10.1, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.14-4.99 (m, 4H), 4.68 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.13-3.94 (m, 1H), 2.86 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.74-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.42 (m, 3H), 1.44-1.35 (m, 9H).

4C. Preparation of benzyl ((S)-1-(3-((R)-2-amino-3-cyanopropyl)phenyl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate

To a RBF was added benzyl N-[(1S)-1-{3-[(2R)-2-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-cyanopropyl]phenyl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate (75 mg, 0.162 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and TFA (1 mL). The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 hr. The reaction was concentrated to give benzyl ((S)-1-(3-((R)-2-amino-3-cyanopropyl)phenyl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate (55 mg, 0.151 mmol, 94% yield) as a clear film. (ESI) m/z: 364.4 (M+H)⁺.

4D. Preparation of benzyl ((S)-1-(3-((R)-3-cyano-2-((R)-2-methylbut-3-enamido)propyl)phenyl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate

To a RBF was added benzyl ((S)-1-(3-((R)-2-amino-3-cyanopropyl)phenyl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate (50 mg, 0.138 mmol), Ethyl acetate (2 mL), (R)-2-methylbut-3-enoic acid, prepared in intermediate 15 (13.77 mg, 0.138 mmol), and pyridine (0.022 mL, 0.275 mmol). The solution was cooled in a ice bath and 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide (0.123 mL, 0.206 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 3 hr. The reaction was than partitioned between EtOAc (200 ml) and sat. NaHCO₃ (100 ml). The organic layer was separated, washed with water (10 ml) and brine (10 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified using ISCO system (0-100% EtOAc/Hex gradient) to give benzyl ((S)-1-(3-((R)-3-cyano-2-((R)-2-methylbut-3-enamido)propyl)phenyl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate (39 mg, 0.088 mmol, 63.6% yield) as an off white solid. (ESI) m/z: 446.3 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.32-7.17 (m, 6H), 7.11 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.05-6.98 (m, 2H), 5.81-5.69 (m, 2H), 5.62-5.48 (m, 1H), 5.17-4.90 (m, 7H), 4.69 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.31-4.13 (m, 1H), 2.96-2.75 (m, 3H), 2.64 (dd, J=11.4, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.51-2.25 (m, 3H), 1.17-1.11 (m, 3H).

4E. Preparation of benzyl N-[(3R,6R,7E,10S)-3-(cyanomethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),7,11,13-tetraen-10-yl]carbamate

To a RBF was added benzyl ((S)-1-(3-((R)-3-cyano-2-((R)-2-methylbut-3-enamido)propyl)phenyl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate (38 mg, 0.085 mmol) and ClCH₂CH₂Cl (10 mL). The reaction was purged with argon for 1 min. Then Grubbs II (14.48 mg, 0.017 mmol) was added and the reaction was sealed and subjected to microwave at 120° C. for 30 min. The reaction was concentrated and the residue was purified using ISCO system (0-100% EtOAc/Hex gradient) to give benzyl N-[(3R,6R,7E,10S)-3-(cyanomethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),7,11,13-tetraen-10-yl]carbamate (20 mg, 0.048 mmol, 56.2% yield) as an off-white solid. (ESI) m/z: 418.4 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48-7.31 (m, 6H), 7.22 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 5.74-5.55 (m, 2H), 5.41-5.25 (m, 1H), 5.16-5.08 (m, 2H), 4.93 (dd, J=15.5, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.26-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.06-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.90-2.69 (m, 2H), 2.66-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.43-2.30 (m, 1H), 1.23 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.11-1.02 (m, 1H)

4F. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(3R,6R,10S)-3-(cyanomethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]carbamate

To a 3-neck RBF was added benzyl N-[(3R,6R,7E,10S)-3-(cyanomethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),7,11,13-tetraen-10-yl]carbamate (20 mg, 0.048 mmol), Ethanol (5 mL), BOC₂O (0.011 mL, 0.048 mmol) and Pd/C (5.10 mg, 4.79 μmol. The reaction was stirred under a hydrogen balloon for 30 min. The reaction was carefully filtered through Celite. The filtrate was concentrated and purified using ISCO system (0-100% EtOAc/Hex gradient) to give tert-butyl N-[(3R,6R,10S)-3-(cyanomethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]carbamate (10 mg, 0.026 mmol, 54.2% yield) as an off-white solid. (ESI) m/z: 386.4 (M+H)⁺.

4G. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(3R,6R,10S)-3-{2-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]ethyl}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]carbamate

To a 3-neck RBF was added tert-butyl N-[(3R,6R,10S)-3-(cyanomethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]carbamate (8 mg, 0.021 mmol), Ethanol (1.5 mL) and few drops of Raney-Ni solution. The reaction was then stirred under hydrogen balloon for 1 hr. The reaction was carefully filtered through Celite. The filtrate was concentrated and to this was added THF (1 mL). The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and Et₃N (5.01 μl, 0.036 mmol) and methyl carbonochloridate (2.55 mg, 0.027 mmol) was added to the reaction. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc (10 ml) and washed with water (5 ml) and brine (50 ml). The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified using ISCO system (0-100% EtOAc/Hex Gradient) to give tert-butyl N-[(3R,6R,10S)-3-{2-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]ethyl}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]carbamate (5 mg, 0.011 mmol, 62.2% yield) as a film. (ESI) m/z: 448.5 (M+H)⁺.

4H. Preparation of methyl N-{2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}carbamate

To a RBF was added tert-butyl N-[(3R,6R,10S)-3-{2-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]ethyl}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]carbamate (5 mg, 0.011 mmol) and 4N HCl (0.3 ml) in dioxane. The reaction was stirred at rt for 5 min. The reaction was concentrated and the salt was neutralized using basic cartridge to give methyl N-{2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}carbamate (3 mg, 8.63 μmol, 77% yield) as a clear film. (ESI) m/z: 348.5 (M+H)⁺.

Example 4. Preparation of methyl N-{2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}carbamate, trifluoromethyl acetate

N-{2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}carbamate, trifluoromethyl acetate (2 mg, 2.417 μmol) was prepared in a similar manner as the procedure described in Example 1, by replacing 6-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]pyrimidin-4-ol, prepared in intermediate 5 with 6-{5-Chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}pyrimidin-4-ol, prepared in intermediate 6, and replacing methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate with methyl N-{2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}carbamate. (ESI) m/z: 672.4 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.79 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.74 (m, 1H), 7.71-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.54-6.48 (m, 1H), 5.74 (dd, J=12.9, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.11 (m, 2H), 4.06 (br. s., 1H), 3.01-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.88-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 2.34-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.16 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.99-0.82 (m, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=8.303 min, purity=95%. Factor XIa Ki=130 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=8273 nM.

Example 5. Preparation of 2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]acetonitrile, trifluoromethyl acetate

5A. Preparation of 2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]acetonitrile

To a 3-neck RBF was added benzyl N-[(3R,6R,7E,10S)-3-(cyanomethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),7,11,13-tetraen-10-yl]carbamate (25 mg, 0.060 mmol), Ethanol (3 mL) and Pd/C (6.37 mg, 5.99 μmol). The reaction was stirred under hydrogen balloon for 15 min. The reaction was carefully filtered through Celite. The filtrate was concentrated to give 2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]acetonitrile (15 mg, 0.053 mmol, 88% yield) as a white solid. (ESI) m/z: 286.5 (M+H)⁺.

Example 5. Preparation of 2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]acetonitrile, trifluoromethyl acetate

2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]acetonitrile, trifluoromethyl acetate (0.6 mg, 0.787 μmol) was prepared in a similar manner as the procedure described in Example 1, by replacing 6-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]pyrimidin-4-ol, prepared in intermediate 5 with 6-{5-Chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}pyrimidin-4-ol, prepared in intermediate 6, and replacing methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate with 2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]acetonitrile. (ESI) m/z: 610.3 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.74 (m, 1H), 7.70-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 5.73 (dd, J=12.8, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (br. s., 1H), 3.04-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.12-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.20 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.84 (m, 1H)

Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=8.531 min, purity=95%. Factor XIa Ki=284 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=4208 nM.

Example 6. Preparation of 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-[(3R,6R,10S)-3-(cyanomethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]-5-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide, trifluoromethyl acetate

To a RBF was added 2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]acetonitrile (3.5 mg, 0.012 mmol), intermediate 12 (3.12 mg, 0.012 mmol), HATU (6.99 mg, 0.018 mmol), Hunig's Base (4.28 μl, 0.025 mmol) and DMF (0.5 mL). The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 hr. The reaction was diluted with MeOH and a few drops of water and purified using RP prep-HPLC system. The desired peak was concentrated to give 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-[(3R,6R,10S)-3-(cyanomethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]-5-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide, trifluoromethyl acetate (1.5 mg, 2.217 μmol, 18.08% yield) as an off-white solid. (ESI) m/z: 522.3 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.57-7.54 (m, 1H), 7.47-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.09 (m, 1H), 7.03-6.99 (m, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.92-6.85 (m, 2H), 4.83-4.77 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.81 (m, 1H), 2.79-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.46 (m, 3H), 2.10-2.07 (m, 3H), 1.87-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.56 (dtd, J=14.4, 7.4, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 1.30-1.04 (m, 3H), 0.89-0.84 (m, 3H), 0.54-0.41 (m, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=7.725 min, purity=94%. Factor XIa Ki=986 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=6202 nM.

Example 7. Preparation of methyl N-{2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-[1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-amido]-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}carbamate, trifluoromethyl acetate

Methyl N-{2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-[1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-amido]-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}carbamate, trifluoromethyl acetate (4.0 mg, 5.44 μmol) was prepared in a similar manner as the procedure described in Example 6, by replacing 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid, prepared in intermediate 12 with 1-(3-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, prepared in intermediate 11, and replacing 2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]acetonitrile with methyl N-{2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}carbamate. (ESI) m/z: 584.4 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.73 (ddd, J=8.1, 6.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.43-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.32-7.12 (m, 5H), 5.00 (dd, J=10.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.05-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.32-3.24 (m, 1H), 3.09-2.99 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.41 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 3H), 2.18-2.07 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.74 (m, 3H), 1.60-1.43 (m, 2H), 1.25-1.15 (m, 1H), 1.12 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 0.99-0.89 (m, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=7.515 min, purity=95%. Factor XIa Ki=284 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=4208 nM.

Example 8. Preparation of methyl N-{2-[(3S,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}carbamate, trifluoromethyl acetate

Methyl N-{2-[(3S,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}carbamate, trifluoromethyl acetate (4.5 mg, 5.61 μmol) was prepared in a similar manner as the procedure described in Example 4, by replacing (S)-methyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-iodopropanoate with (R)-methyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-iodopropanoate. (ESI) m/z: 672.3 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.83 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.94-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.81-7.75 (m, 1H), 7.73-7.69 (m, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.32-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.16 (m, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.52-6.47 (m, 1H), 5.83 (dd, J=11.9, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.31-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.12-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.62 (dd, J=14.0, 11.8 Hz, 1H), 2.54-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.94-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.44 (td, J=14.1, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.33-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.02 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=8.413 min, purity=98%. Factor XIa Ki=5 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=1794 nM.

Example 9. Preparation of 2-[(3S,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]acetonitrile, trifluoromethyl acetate

2-[(3S,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]acetonitrile, trifluoromethyl acetate (4.5 mg, 5.90 μmol) was prepared in a similar manner as the procedure described in Example 5, by replacing (S)-methyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-iodopropanoate with (R)-methyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-iodopropanoate. (ESI) m/z: 610.4 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.85-8.82 (m, 1H), 8.56-8.52 (m, 1H), 8.23 (dd, J=9.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.93-7.90 (m, 1H), 7.80-7.76 (m, 1H), 7.74-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.38 (br. s., 1H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.27-7.21 (m, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.53-6.49 (m, 1H), 5.85 (dd, J=11.7, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (br. s., 1H), 3.09 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 1H), 2.84-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.75-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.58-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.27 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 2.04-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.29 (m, 2H), 1.06-1.01 (m, 3H), 0.72 (br. s., 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=8.226 min, purity=95%. Factor XIa Ki=5 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=1294 nM.

Example 10. Preparation of (6R,10S)-10-[4-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate

10A. Preparation of (S)-tert-butyl (1-(4-(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate

To a solution of (S)-tert-butyl (1-(4-chloropyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate, prepared as described in Intermediate 3 (800 mg, 2.83 mmol) and isobutyronitrile (2.54 mL, 28.3 mmol) in THF (20.0 mL) at 0° C. was added dropwise LiHMDS in THF (8.49 mL, 8.49 mmol). The reaction mixture was then slowly allowed to raise to rt for 3 h. The reaction mix was quenched with Satd. NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was then purified using normal phase chromatography to yield (S)-tert-butyl (1-(4-(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate (0.8 g, 85% yield) as a brown oil. MS (ESI) m/z: 316.2 (M+H)⁺.

10B. Preparation of (S)-tert-butyl (1-(4-(1-amino-2-methylpropan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate

To a solution of LiAlH₄ in THF (3.46 mL, 3.46 mmol) in Et₂O (30 mL) at 0° C. was slowly added dropwise a solution of (S)-tert-butyl (1-(4-(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate (1.09 g, 3.46 mmol) in Et₂O (30 mL). The reaction mix was stirred at the same temperature for 20 mins. To the mix was then added 2 mL H₂O, followed by 2 mL of NaOH. The reaction mix was then extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was then purified using normal phase chromatography to yield (S)-tert-butyl (1-(4-(1-amino-2-methylpropan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate (0.33 g, 29% yield) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m/z: 320.2 (M+H)⁺.

10C. Preparation of tert-butyl ((S)-1-(4-(2-methyl-1-((R)-2-methylbut-3-enamido)propan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate

To a N₂ flushed, 3-necked, 100 mL RBF was added a solution of (S)-tert-butyl (1-(4-(1-amino-2-methylpropan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate (330 mg, 1.033 mmol) and EtOAc (6 mL). The solution was cooled to −10° C. and (R)-2-methylbut-3-enoic acid, as prepared in Intermediate 15, (155 mg, 1.550 mmol), pyridine (0.250 mL, 3.10 mmol) and T3P (1.23 mL, 2.06 mmol) were added. The cooling bath was removed and the solution was allowed to warm to RT and then stir over a period of 6 h. Water (15 mL) and EtOAc (15 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (15 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (15 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by normal phase chromatography eluting with a gradient of hexanes/EtOAc gave tert-butyl ((S)-1-(4-(2-methyl-1-((R)-2-methylbut-3-enamido)propan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate (0.11 g, 24% yield). MS(ESI) m/z: 402.3 [M+H]⁺.

10D. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(6R,7E,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),7,11,13-tetraen-10-yl]carbamate

To a N₂ flushed, microwave vial, was added a solution of tert-butyl ((S)-1-(4-(2-methyl-1-((R)-2-methylbut-3-enamido)propan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-1-yl)carbamate (80 mg, 0.199 mmol) in DCE (4 mL). The solution was sparged with argon for 15 minutes. Grubbs' 2^(nd) generation catalyst (68 mg, 0.080 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was heated to 120° C. in microwave for 30 mins. After cooling to RT, the solvent was removed and the residue was purified by normal phase chromatography eluting with a gradient of DCM/MeOH to yield tert-butyl N-[(6R,7E,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),7,11,13-tetraen-10-yl]carbamate (42 mg, 43% yield) as a tan solid. MS(ESI) m/z: 374.2 [M+H]⁺.

10E. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(6R,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]carbamate

Pd on carbon (0.123 g, 0.115 mmol) was added to a 100 mL Parr® hydrogenation flask containing a solution of tert-butyl N-[(6R,7E,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),7,11,13-tetraen-10-yl]carbamate (42 mg, 0.115 mmol) in EtOH (6 mL). The flask was purged with N₂ and pressurized to 55 psi of H₂ and allowed to stir for 6 h. The reaction was filtered through a pad of Celite® and concentrated to yield tert-butyl N-[(6R,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]carbamate (43 mg, 94% yield) as a tan solid. MS(ESI) m/z: 376.3 [M+H]⁺.

10F. Preparation of (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, bis trifluoroacetate

To a solution of tert-butyl N-[(6R,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]carbamate (43 mg, 0.115 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added TFA (0.20 mL) and stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated to give (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, Bis trifluoroacetate (56 mg, 92% yield) as a brown solid. MS(ESI) m/z: 276.2 [M+H]⁺.

10G. Preparation of 10-{[3-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-3-oxopropyl]amino}-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one

To a solution of (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, bis trifluoroacetate (50 mg, 0.099 mmol) and 1-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (18.11 mg, 0.089 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added DIEA (52 μL, 0.298 mmol). The reaction was then stirred at rt for 15 min. At the end of 15 min, the crude reaction mixture was used in the next step. MS (ESI) m/z: 478.2 (M+H)⁺.

10H. Preparation of diethyl ({[3-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-3-oxopropyl]({2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl})carbamoyl}methyl)phosphonate

To the crude reaction mixture, 10-{[3-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-3-oxopropyl]amino}-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one (47 mg, 0.098 mmol) at 0° C. was added 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acetic acid (57.9 mg, 0.295 mmol) and pyridine (80 μl, 0.983 mmol) and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. POCl₃ (27.5 μl, 0.295 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction warmed to rt and stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched using 1 mL H₂O followed by purification using reverse phase HPLC. The desired fractions are then concentrated using a Biotage V10 to give diethyl ({[3-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-3-oxopropyl]({2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl})carbamoyl}methyl)phosphonate (25 mg, 37% yield) as clear oil. MS (ESI) m/z: 655.9 (M+H)⁺.

Example 10. Preparation of (6R,10S)-10-[4-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one mono trifluoroacetate

To a solution of diethyl ({[3-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-3-oxopropyl]({2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl})carbamoyl}methyl)phosphonate (25 mg, 0.032 mmol) in MeOH (1 mL) at 0° C. was added sodium methoxide (0.260 mL, 0.130 mmol). The ice bath was removed and stirring was continued at rt for 10 min. The reaction mixture was then quenched with 1N HCl (0.08 mL) and concentrated to give the crude product. The crude product was then purified using reverse phase HPLC followed by lyophilization of the desired fractions to afford 20 mg of (6R,10S)-10-[4-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one mono trifluoroacetate, as a yellow solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.66 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 8.27-8.18 (m, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (td, J=8.7, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (td, J=9.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (s, 1H), 5.37 (dd, J=11.7, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.89-3.76 (m, 2H), 2.94-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.84-2.73 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.13-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.61-1.46 (m, 7H), 1.28-1.13 (m, 2H), 0.96 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.83-0.71 (m, 1H). MS(ESI) m/z: 501.8 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=5.94 min, purity=>94.0%.

Example 11. Preparation of 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-N-[(6R,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, mono trifluoroacetate

To a solution of 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, prepared as describe in Intermediate 11, (3.80 mg, 0.015 mmol), HOBT (9.14 mg, 0.060 mmol), and EDC (9.27 mg, 0.060 mmol) in DMF (0.3 mL) was added DIEA (26.1 μL, 0.149 mmol) and stirred for 15 minutes at rt. To this mixture was then added (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in 10F, (15 mg, 0.03 mmol) as a solution in DMF (0.550 mL). The reaction mixture was continued to stir at rt for additional 1.5 h following which the crude product was directly purified using reverse phase HPLC chromatography. Desired fractions are pooled together and lyophilized to give 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-N-[(6R,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, mono trifluoroacetate (3.6 mg, 20% yield).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.43 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.37-8.31 (m, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.84-7.76 (m, 1H), 7.60-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.43 (td, J=8.1, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 2H), 5.22-5.12 (m, 1H), 3.56 (dd, J=12.8, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 2.62-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.98-1.89 (s, 2H), 1.82-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.38 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 6H), 1.31-1.22 (m, 1H), 1.19-1.08 (m, 1H), 0.79 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H). MS(ESI) m/z: 512.1 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (Method C): RT=1.30 min, purity=99.0%.

Example 12. Preparation of (6R,10S)-10-[4-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]-6-methyl-4,12-diazaspiro[bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane-2,4′-oxane]-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate

(6R,10S)-10-[4-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]-6-methyl-4,12-diazaspiro[bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane-2,4′-oxane]-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared the same way as (6R,10S)-10-[4-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one mono trifluoroacetate, described in Example 10, by replacing isobutyronitrile in step 10A with tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carbonitrile. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.64 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.57 (td, J=8.7, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (td, J=9.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (s, 1H), 5.58 (dd, J=11.4, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.31-4.15 (m, 3H), 3.95-3.85 (m, 3H), 3.71 (dd, J=13.6, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 3.65-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.44 (m, 1H), 3.04-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.94-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.71 (m, 1H), 2.55 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.47 (d, J=14.3 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.04-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.23 (m, 2H), 0.92 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.40 (br. s., 1H). MS(ESI) m/z: 544.0 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=6.06 min, purity=>95.0%.

Example 13. Preparation of 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-[(6R,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, mono trifluoroacetate

1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-[(6R,10S)-2,2,6-tri methyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared the same way as 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-N-[(6R,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, mono trifluoroacetate, described in Example 11, by replacing 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, prepared as described in Intermediate 14.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.87 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 8.45 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.84-7.77 (m, 1H), 7.71-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.40 (td, J=8.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (br. s., 2H), 7.22-6.95 (m, 1H), 5.24-5.14 (m, 1H), 2.62-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.96-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.39 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 6H), 1.32-1.22 (m, 1H), 1.22-1.11 (m, 1H), 0.79 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H). MS(ESI) m/z: 498.0 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (Method C): RT=2.01 min, purity=100%.

Example 14. Preparation of (6R,10S)-10-{4-[3-chloro-2-fluoro-6-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl}-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-iazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate

(6R,10S)-10-{4-[3-chloro-2-fluoro-6-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl}-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared the same way as (6R,10S)-10-[4-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate, described in Example 10, by replacing 1-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one in step 10G with 1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-6-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 9.57 (s, 1H), 8.57 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.86-7.80 (m, 1H), 7.73-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.53 (m, 2H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 5.48 (dd, J=11.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (dt, J=9.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (dd, J=13.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.69-2.44 (m, 3H), 2.36-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.49 (m, 7H), 1.43-1.31 (m, 4H), 0.96 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H). MS(ESI) m/z: 551.9 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=5.71 min, purity=>94%.

Example 15. Preparation of N-[(6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-10′-yl]-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, mono trifluoroacetate

15A. Preparation of 1-benzylazetidine-3-carbonitrile

To a solution of azetidine-3-carbonitrile, HCl (1.5 g, 12.65 mmol) and (bromomethyl)benzene (1.503 mL, 12.65 mmol) in ACN (20 mL) was added TEA (5.29 mL, 38.0 mmol) and stirred at rt for overnight. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under vacuum and diluted with EtOAc (15 mL). The organic layer is then washed with brine (15 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by normal phase chromatography afforded 1-benzylazetidine-3-carbonitrile (2.01 g, 92% yield) as a pale yellow solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 201.1 (M+H)⁺.

15B. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(6′R,7′E,10′S)-1-benzyl-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),7′,11′,13′-tetraen-10′-yl]carbamate

tert-butyl N-[(6′R,7′E,10′S)-1-benzyl-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),7′,11′,13′-tetraen-10′-yl]carbamate is prepared the same way as tert-butyl N-[(6R,7E,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),7,11,13-tetraen-10-yl]carbamate, described as in 10D by replacing isobutyronitrile in step 10A with 1-benzylazetidine-3-carbonitrile, prepared as described in 15A. MS (ESI) m/z: 477.4 (M+H)⁺.

15C. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(6′R,10′S)-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-10′-yl]carbamate

Pd on carbon (0.0092 g, 0.0086 mmol) was added to a 100 mL Parr® hydrogenation flask containing a solution of tert-butyl N-[(6′R,7′E,10′S)-1-benzyl-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),7′,11′,13′-tetraen-10′-yl]carbamate (41 mg, 0.086 mmol) in EtOH (6 mL). The flask was purged with N₂ and pressurized to 55 psi of H₂ and allowed to stir for 4 h. The reaction was filtered through a pad of Celite® and concentrated to yield tert-butyl N-[(6′R,10′S)-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-10′-yl]carbamate (15 mg, 27% yield) as a tan solid. MS(ESI) m/z: 389.4 [M+H]⁺.

15D. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-10′-yl]carbamate

To a solution of tert-butyl N-[(6′R,10′S)-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-10′-yl]carbamate (15 mg, 0.039 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added DIEA (6.74 μL, 0.039 mmol) and stirred at rt. To this mixture was then added Ac₂O (3.64 μL, 0.039 mmol) and stirred at rt for 5 mins. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under vacuum and diluted with EtOAc (5 mL). The organic layer is then washed with brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield tert-butyl N-[(6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15),11′,13′-trien-10′-yl]carbamate (16.6 mg, 100% yield). MS (ESI) m/z: 431.4 (M+H)⁺.

15E. Preparation of (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, bis trifluoroacetate

To a solution of tert-butyl N-[(6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-10′-yl]carbamate (15 mg, 0.045 mmol) in DCM (1.6 mL) was added TFA (0.40 mL, 5.2 mmol) and stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated to give (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, bis trifluoroacetate (15 mg, 100% yield) as a brown solid. MS(ESI) m/z: 330.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 15. Preparation of N-[(6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-10′-yl]-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, mono trifluoroacetate

To a solution of 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, prepared as describe in Intermediate 11, (5.80 mg, 0.023 mmol), HOBT (13.9 mg, 0.091 mmol), and EDC (14.09 mg, 0.091 mmol) in DMF (0.4 mL) was added DIEA (39.6 μL, 0.227 mmol) and stirred for 15 minutes at rt. To this mixture was then added (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in 15E, (15 mg, 0.045 mmol) as a solution in DMF (0.6 mL). The reaction mixture was continued to stir at rt for additional 1 h following which the crude product was directly purified using reverse phase HPLC chromatography. Desired fractions are pooled together and lyophilized to give N-[(6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-10′-yl]-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, mono trifluoroacetate (0.96 mg, 3% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.64 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 8.39-8.22 (m, 2H), 7.75 (ddd, J=8.1, 6.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.67-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.37 (m, 1H), 5.37-5.27 (m, 1H), 4.61-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.45 (dd, J=18.6, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.39-4.28 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.59 (br. s., 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.18-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.97 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 4H), 1.78 (br. s., 1H), 1.57-1.39 (m, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). MS(ESI) m/z: 567.3 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=6.06 min, purity=>90%.

Example 16. Preparation of (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-[4-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, mono trifluoroacetate

(6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-[4-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared the same way as Example 10 by replacing (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in step 10F, with (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in step 15E.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.65 (dd, J=5.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.34-8.15 (m, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.57 (td, J=8.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (td, J=9.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (s, 1H), 5.72-5.57 (m, 1H), 4.58-4.49 (m, 1H), 4.43 (t, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.35-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.27-4.15 (m, 1H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.89 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (br. s., 1H), 2.30 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.99-1.84 (m, 5H), 1.57-1.37 (m, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). MS(ESI) m/z: 557.6 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=5.90 min, purity=>95%.

Example 17. Preparation of (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, mono trifluoroacetate

A solution of (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in step 15E, in MeOH (1 mL) was added to a pre-rinsed Agilent StratoSpheres SPE PL-HCO₃ MP Resin cartridge. Gravity filtration, eluting with MeOH, gave a clear, slightly yellow filtrate. Concentration provided (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one as a pale yellow solid. (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one was then prepared following the same procedure as described with Example 1 by replacing methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate, prepared as described in step 1E, with (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, mono trifluoroacetate. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 9.02 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 1H), 8.60 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.31-8.13 (m, 1H), 7.90 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.72 (m, 1H), 7.69-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.37-7.26 (m, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (dd, J=11.9, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.53-4.45 (m, 1H), 4.44-4.28 (m, 2H), 4.17 (dd, J=19.8, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.09-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.45-3.38 (m, 1H), 2.55 (br. s., 1H), 2.28 (t, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 2.08-1.86 (m, 5H), 1.47 (dd, J=8.1, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 0.93 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.38 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H). MS(ESI) m/z: 621.3 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=7.08 min, purity=>95%.

Example 18. Preparation of methyl (6′R,10′S)-10′-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-triene-1-carboxylate, mono trifluoroacetate

18A. Preparation of methyl (6′R,10′S)-10′-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-triene-1-carboxylate

To a solution of tert-butyl N-[(6′R,10′S)-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-10′-yl]carbamate (90 mg, 0.232 mmol), prepared as described in step 15C in DCM (4 mL) was added DIEA (0.040 mL, 0.232 mmol) and stirred at rt. To this mixture was then added methyl chloroformate (0.018 mL, 0.232 mmol) and stirred at rt for 5 mins. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under vacuum and diluted with EtOAc (5 mL). The organic layer is then washed with brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield methyl (6′R,10′S)-10′-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-triene-1-carboxylate (95 mg, 83% yield). MS (ESI) m/z: 447.4 (M+H)⁺.

Example 18. Preparation of methyl (6′R,10′S)-10′-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-triene-1-carboxylate, mono trifluoroacetate

Methyl (6′R,10′S)-10′-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-triene-1-carboxylate, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared the same way as with Example 17 by replacing (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, prepared as described in Example 17, with methyl (6′R,10′S)-10′-amino-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-triene-1-carboxylate, prepared in the same way as (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in step 15E. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.99 (s, 1H), 8.59 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 8.38-8.35 (m, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.91-7.88 (m, 1H), 7.77-7.72 (m, 1H), 7.69-7.61 (m, 1H), 7.34 (dd, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 6.39 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (dd, J=12.0, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.33-4.21 (m, 2H), 4.15 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.06-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.42 (dd, J=13.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 2.61-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.08-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.69 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 1.54-1.36 (m, 1H), 0.92 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.36 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H). MS(ESI) m/z: 637.3 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=8.05 min, purity=>95%.

Example 19. Preparation of (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate (Peak 1 from PREP HPLC)

(6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared in the same way as with Example 17 by replacing (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, prepared as described in Example 17, with (6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, prepared in the same way as (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in step 15E, and replacing azetidine-3-carbonitrile in step 15A with 2-phenylacetonitrile. Purification of the final compound on PREP HPLC yielded the desired product, (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate, as first peak on PREP HPLC.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.82 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.49 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.81-7.68 (m, 3H), 7.47-7.36 (m, 5H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 5.82 (dd, J=11.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (dd, J=8.6, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.15-4.06 (m, 1H), 3.79 (dt, J=13.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.26 (m, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.83 (m, 1H). MS(ESI) m/z: 648.3 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=9.86 min, purity=>90%.

Example 20. Preparation of (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate (Peak 2 from PREP HPLC)

(6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared in the same way as with Example 17 by replacing (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, prepared as described in Example 17, with (6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, prepared in the same way as (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in step 15E, and replacing azetidine-3-carbonitrile in step 15A with 2-phenylacetonitrile. Purification of the final compound on PREP HPLC yielded the desired product, (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate, as second peak on PREP HPLC. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.89 (s, 1H), 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.41 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.81-7.75 (m, 1H), 7.74-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.33 (m, 6H), 7.01-6.96 (m, 1H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 6.07 (dd, J=12.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J=12.4, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (dd, J=10.6, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.39-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.00 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.59 (br. s., 1H). MS(ESI) m/z: 648.3 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=10.09 min, purity=>95%.

Example 21. Preparation of 5-chloro-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-[(6R,10S)-2,6-dimethyl-5-oxo-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, mono trifluoroacetate

5-chloro-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-[(6R,10S)-2,6-dimethyl-5-oxo-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared in the same way as with Example 11 by replacing (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in step 10F, with, (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared similarly as described in step 10F, by replacing isobutyronitrile in step 10A with 2-phenylpropanenitrile and using 5-chloro-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, prepared as described in Intermediate 13 as the final step coupling partner. Purification of the final compound on PREP HPLC yielded the desired product, (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate, as first peak on PREP HPLC. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.46 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.36-8.28 (m, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (ddd, J=8.2, 6.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (ddd, J=8.0, 6.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.35 (m, 6H), 7.27 (dd, J=6.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (dd, J=9.2, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (dd, J=13.0, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J=13.2, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.66-2.56 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.06 (m, 2H), 1.92 (s, 3H), 1.79-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.57-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.00 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.61 (br. s., 1H). MS(ESI) m/z: 594.3 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=7.32 min, purity=>95%.

Example 22. Preparation of 5-chloro-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-[(6R,10S)-2,6-dimethyl-5-oxo-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, mono trifluoroacetate

5-chloro-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-[(6R,10S)-2,6-dimethyl-5-oxo-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared in the same way as with Example 11 by replacing (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in step 10F, with, (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared similarly as described in step 10F, by replacing isobutyronitrile in step 10A with 2-phenylpropanenitrile and using 5-chloro-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, prepared as described in Intermediate 13 as the final step coupling partner. Purification of the final compound on PREP HPLC yielded the desired product, (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate, as second peak on PREP HPLC. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.73 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.12 (dd, J=6.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (ddd, J=8.3, 6.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.31 (m, 8H), 5.22 (dd, J=8.0, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.02-3.86 (m, 2H), 2.72-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.19-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.80 (s, 3H), 1.68-1.41 (m, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.41-0.26 (m, 1H). MS(ESI) m/z: 594.3 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=7.52 min, purity=>90%.

Example 23. Preparation of (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate

(6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared in the same way as with Example 10 by replacing (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in step 10F, with, (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared similarly as described in step 10F, by replacing isobutyronitrile in step 10A with 2-phenylpropanenitrile and using 5-1-(5-chloro-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, prepared as described in Intermediate 9 in step 10G instead of 1-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one. Purification of the final compound on PREP HPLC yielded the desired product, (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate, as first peak on PREP HPLC. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.95 (s, 1H), 8.32 (br. s., 1H), 8.10 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.73-7.61 (m, 3H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.25 (m, 5H), 6.79 (br. s., 1H), 5.82 (s, 1H), 5.66 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.57-4.48 (m, 1H), 3.82 (br. s., 1H), 3.70-3.60 (m, 1H), 3.17 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.27 (br. s., 3H), 1.81 (m, 4H), 1.71 (br. s., 1H), 1.53-1.40 (m, 1H), 1.17 (br. s., 1H), 0.96 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.77 (br. s., 1H). MS(ESI) m/z: 663.3 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=7.88 min, purity=>95%.

Example 24. Preparation of (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate

(6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared in the same way as with Example 10 by replacing (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in step 10F, with, (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared similarly as described in step 10F, by replacing isobutyronitrile in step 10A with 2-phenylpropanenitrile and using 5-1-(5-chloro-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, prepared as described in Intermediate 9 in step 10G instead of 1-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one. Purification of the final compound on PREP HPLC yielded the desired product, (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate, as second peak on PREP HPLC. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.96 (br. s., 1H), 8.57 (br. s., 1H), 7.82-7.60 (m, 4H), 7.52 (br. s., 1H), 7.39 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 6.91 (br. s., 1H), 5.77 (br. s., 1H), 5.56 (br. s., 1H), 4.13 (br. s., 1H), 4.05-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.68 (d, J=13.0 Hz, 2H), 2.61 (br. s., 1H), 2.42-2.09 (m, 2H), 1.81 (br. s., 1H), 1.69 (br. s., 3H), 1.59 (br. s., 1H), 1.34 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.35 (br. s., 1H). MS(ESI) m/z: 663.3 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method A): RT=8.01 min, purity=>95%.

Example 29. Preparation of (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate

(6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared in the same way as with Example 17 by replacing (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, prepared as described in Example 17, with (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, prepared in the same way as (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in step 15E, and replacing azetidine-3-carbonitrile in step 15A with 2-phenylpropanenitrile. Purification of the final compound via reverse phase prep HPLC yielded the desired product (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-iazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate, as the first eluting peak on prep HPLC. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.24 (s, 1H), 8.89 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.28 (m, 5H), 6.53-6.46 (m, 2H), 6.04 (dd, J=11.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (t, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.20 (br. s., 1H), 1.92 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 1.86-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.39-1.20 (m, 3H), 0.81 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H). MS(ESI) m/z: 662.2 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method C): RT=2.00 min, purity=>99%.

Example 30. Preparation of (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate

(6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate was prepared in the same way as with Example 17 by replacing (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, prepared as described in Example 17, with (6R,10S)-10-amino-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, prepared in the same way as (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-amino-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one, bis trifluoroacetate, prepared as described in step 15E, and replacing azetidine-3-carbonitrile in step 15A with 2-phenylpropanenitrile. Purification of the final compound via reverse phase prep HPLC yielded the desired product (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-iazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate, as the second eluting peak on prep HPLC. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.50 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.94-7.85 (m, 1H), 7.84-7.71 (m, 3H), 7.53 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.06 (m, 3H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 5.82 (dd, J=11.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.79-3.66 (m, 1H), 3.60 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (br. s., 1H), 2.09 (t, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 1.91-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.63 (br. s., 1H), 1.51 (s, 3H), 1.29-1.08 (m, 3H), 0.73 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). MS(ESI) m/z: 662.9 [M+H]⁺. Analytical HPLC (method C): RT=2.05 min, purity=>99%.

Example 25 and 26. Preparation of (10R,14S)-3-acetyl-14-{4-[3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-fluorophenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-10-methyl-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-9-one, (minor diastereomer)

25A. Preparation of {3-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]phenyl}boronic acid

To Intermediate 1 (2.36 g, 7.23 mmol), 5,5,5′,5′-tetramethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborinane) (1.798 g, 7.96 mmol), KOAc (2.130 g, 21.70 mmol) was added dioxane (50 ml). The mixture was degassed with Ar, PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂ (0.295 g, 0.362 mmol) was added and the reaction was heated to 90° C. After 24 h, the reaction was quenched with water (20 ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 ml) and dried (Na₂SO₄). The crude product was absorbed on Celite® and charged to a 100 g reverse phase cartridge which was eluted with a 25 min gradient from 10-100% solvent B (solvent A: 90% H20-10% MeCN-0.05% TFA; solvent B: 90% MeCN-10% H20-0.05% TFA). The desired fractions were freeze-dried to afford (1.24 g, 58.9%) tan solid. LCMS(ESI) m/z: 292.08 (M+H)⁺.

25B. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(1S)-1-[3-(3-aminopyridin-2-yl)phenyl]but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate

(S)-(3-(1-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino)but-3-en-1-yl)phenyl)boronic acid (0.36 g, 1.236 mmol), 2-bromopyridin-3-amine (0.214 g, 1.236 mmol), and Na₂SO₄(2.0M aq. solution) (3.09 ml, 6.18 mmol) were added to dioxane (8 ml) and degassed with a stream of Ar for 10 min. Afterwards, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.143 g, 0.124 mmol) was added and the mixture was irradiated in a microwave oven at 120° C. for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with water (20 ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (15 ml) and dried (MgSO₄). The residue was purified via silica gel chromatography and eluted with DCM/0-10% MeOH to afford (0.35 g, 84%) of a tan foam. LCMS(ESI) m/z: 340.5 (M+H)⁺.

25C. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(10R,11E,14S)-10-methyl-9-oxo-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),2(7),3,5,11,15,17-heptaen-14-yl]carbamate

tert-Butyl N-[(10R,11E,14S)-10-methyl-9-oxo-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),2(7),3,5,11,15,17-heptaen-14-yl]carbamate (71 mg, 39%) was prepared in a similar manner as Example 1 substituting tert-butyl N-[(1S)-1-[3-(3-aminopyridin-2-yl)phenyl]but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate for methyl (2R)-2-amino-3-{3-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]phenyl}propanoate. LCMS(ESI) m/z: 394.5 (M+H).⁺ ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.73 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.44 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.99-7.89 (m, 1H), 7.69-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.59-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.08 (m, 1H), 5.84-5.67 (m, 1H), 4.67-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.53-4.38 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.17 (m, 1H), 2.77-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.04 (q, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 1.46 (br. s., 9H), 1.18-1.09 (m, 3H).

25D. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(10R,14S)-10-methyl-9-oxo-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-14-yl]carbamate, trifluoroacetic acid salt

tert-Butyl N-[(10R,11E,14S)-10-methyl-9-oxo-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),2(7),3,5,11,15,17-heptaen-14-yl]carbamate, TFA salt (0.071 g, 0.140 mmol) was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere at 55 psi in EtOH (5 ml) in the presence of PtO₂(15 mg). After 1 h, the reaction was filtered and the crude product was carried onto the next step. LCMS(ESI) m/z: 402.6 (M+H)⁺

25E. Preparation of (10R,14S)-3-acetyl-14-amino-10-methyl-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-9-one

To tert-ButylN-[(10R,14S)-10-methyl-9-oxo-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-14-yl]carbamate, TFA salt (0.035 g, 0.067 mmol) in DCM (1 ml), cooled to 0° C., was added pyridine (0.016 ml, 0.196 mmol) and acetyl chloride (3.49 μl, 0.049 mmol). After 1 h, the reaction was concentrated and the residue was deprotected with 50% TFA/DCM (10 ml). After 1 h, the reaction was concentrated and the residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC and the desired fractions were concentrated. The salt obtained was dissolved in DCM/MeOH and passed through a basic cartridge and filtrate concentrated to afford (21 mg, 91%) of the free-base as a dark oil. LCMS(ESI) m/z: 344.5 (M+H)⁺

Example 25. Preparation of (10R,14S)-3-acetyl-14-{4-[3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-fluorophenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-10-methyl-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-9-one (minor diastereomer)

(10R,14S)-3-Acetyl-14-{4-[3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-fluorophenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-10-methyl-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-9-one diastereomers were prepared in a similar manner as Example 1, substituting Intermediate 7 for Intermediate 5 and (10R,14S)-3-acetyl-14-amino-10-methyl-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-9-one for methyl (3R,6R,10S)-10-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate. Purification via reverse phase HPLC afforded 2 diastereomers. The faster eluting compound was obtained (7.9 mg, 18.8%) as a 75:25 mixture of both diastereomers. LCMS(ESI) m/z: 652.8 (M+H).⁺ ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.92-7.83 (m, 1H), 7.60-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.41 (s, 2H), 7.28 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (br. s., 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 5.82 (br. s., 1H), 4.99 (br. s., 1H), 4.17-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.55-3.45 (m, 1H), 2.35 (dd, J=9.2, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.30-2.17 (m, 3H), 2.14-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.90-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.22 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 0.99-0.86 (m, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=7.77 min, purity=95%; Factor XIa Ki=1424 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki 13,020 nM.

Example 26. Preparation of (10R,14S)-3-acetyl-14-{4-[3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-fluorophenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-10-methyl-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-9-one (major diast.)

The slower eluting diastereomer, described in Example 25, was obtained (12.9 mg, 30.7%) as a white solid. LCMS(ESI) m/z: 652.8 (M+H).⁺ ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.65 (br. s., 1H), 8.36 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.92-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.27 (d, J=15.2 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (br. s., 1H), 6.85 (br. s., 1H), 6.65 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 2H), 5.99 (br. s., 1H), 5.64 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (br. s., 1H), 4.07 (br. s., 2H), 2.65 (br. s., 1H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.05 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.75 (m, 1H), 1.62 (m, 1H), 1.52 (m, 1H), 1.03 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 3H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=8.03 min, purity=95%; Factor XIa Ki=120 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki 6969 nM.

Example 27. Preparation of (10R,14S)-14-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,10-dimethyl-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-9-one, trifluoroacetic acid salt (minor diastereomer)

27 A. Preparation of tert-butyl N-[(10R,14S)-3,10-dimethyl-9-oxo-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-14-yl]carbamate, trifluoroacetic acid salt

To tert-butyl N-[(10R,14S)-10-methyl-9-oxo-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-14-yl]carbamate (0.07 g, 0.174 mmol) in EtOH (3 ml) was added excess aqueous formaldehyde (0.130 ml, 1.743 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (15 mg). The reaction was placed under a 25 psi hydrogen atmosphere. After 48 h, the reaction was filtered and purified via reverse phase HPLC to separate two diastereomers. The major (27 mg, 37.3%) and minor (12 mg, 16.5%) diastereomers were afforded as clear films. LCMS(ESI) m/z: 416.4 (M+H).⁺

Example 27. Preparation of (10R,14S)-14-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,10-dimethyl-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-9-one, trifluoroacetic acid salt, (minor diastereomer)

(10R,14S)-14-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,10-dimethyl-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-9-one (minor diastereomer) was prepared in a similar manner as Example 25, substituting Intermediate 6 for Intermediate 7 and tert-butyl N-[(10R,14S)-3,10-dimethyl-9-oxo-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-14-yl]carbamate (minor diast.) for tert-butyl N-[(10R,14S)-3-acetyl-10-methyl-9-oxo-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-14-yl]carbamate to afford (2.1 mg, 9.27%) of a white solid. LCMS(ESI) m/z: 640.5 (M+H).⁺

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.87 (s, 1H), 7.91 (br. s., 1H), 7.80 (br. s., 1H), 7.75-7.70 (m, 2H), 7.62-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.39 (m, 2H), 6.49-6.45 (m, 1H), 4.66 (br. s., 1H), 4.05 (br. s., 1H), 3.77 (br. s., 2H), 2.92 (s, 3H), 2.21 (br. s., 2H), 2.10 (br. s., 2H), 1.90-1.77 (m, 3H), 1.61 (br. s., 2H), 1.50 (br. s., 2H), 0.89 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.88-0.73 (m, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=6.31 min, purity=95%; Factor XIa Ki=<5 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki 408.8 nM.

Example 28. Preparation of (10R,14S)-14-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,10-dimethyl-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-9-one, trifluoroacetic acid salt, (major diastereomer)

10R,14S)-14-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,10-dimethyl-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-9-one (major diastereomer) was prepared in a similar manner as Example 27, substituting tert-butyl N-[(10R,14S)-3,10-dimethyl-9-oxo-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-14-yl]carbamate (major diastereomer) for tert-butylN-[(10R,14S)-3,10-dimethyl-9-oxo-3,8-diazatricyclo[13.3.1.0²,⁷]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-trien-14-yl]carbamate (minor diastereomer) to afford (10.5 mg, 24.6%) of a white solid. LCMS(ESI) m/z: 640.5 (M+H).⁺ ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.80 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.91-7.75 (m, 3H), 7.72-7.68 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=14.5, 7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (dd, J=13.0, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (br. s., 1H), 3.87 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.42-3.38 (m, 1H), 2.78 (s, 3H), 2.52-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.14 (m, 3H), 2.10-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.72 (m, 3H), 1.20 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.88-0.73 (m, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=7.08 min, purity=95%; Factor XIa Ki=1128 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki 11,180 nM.

Example 31. Preparation of Example 31. Preparation of (2S,4R,12S)-12-{4-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one, trifluoroacetate

31A. Preparation of Ethyl (1R,2S)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

A 2-dram pressure vial containing (1S,2S)-2-iodocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (0.083 g, 0.34 mmol), {2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}boronic acid, TFA (0.100 g, 0.25 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂.CH₂Cl₂ (0.020 g, 0.025 mmol), and Cs₂CO₃ (0.241 g, 0.74 mmol) was degassed with argon for 10 min. Then degassed dioxane (1.1 mL) and degassed deionized water (0.55 ml) were added. The vial was sealed with a screw cap containing a teflon septum and the reaction was warmed to 90° C. After 20 h, the reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with EtOAc and water. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic layers were combined and washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give a brown residue. The crude material was purified by reverse phase chromatography. The pure fractions were neutralized with sat. NaHCO₃ and concentrated to give a white solid. The white solid was partitioned between EtOAc/water and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic layers were combined and washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give ethyl (1R,2S)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (0.045 g, 51% yield) as a clear, colorless residue. MS (ESI) m/z: 361.1 (M+H)⁺.

31B. Preparation of tert-Butyl N-[(1S)-1-{4-[(1S,2R)-2-[(but-3-en-1-yl) carbamoyl]cyclopropyl]pyridin-2-yl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate

To a clear, pale brown solution of ethyl (1R,2S)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (0.138 g, 0.38 mmol) in THF (1.9 mL) was added a clear, colorless solution of LiOH (0.161 g, 3.83 mmol) in water (1.9 mL). To the resulting cloudy mixture was added MeOH (0.300 mL). The cloudy mixture was stirred vigorously at rt. After 20 h, the reaction was concentrated to almost dryness. Water was added and the solution was acidified to pH 3-4 with 1.0 N HCl to give a white suspension. The suspension was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The organic layers were combined and washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give (1R,2S)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (0.117 g, 92% yield) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 333.1 (M+H)⁺.

To a cooled (−5° C.) clear colorless solution of (1R,2S)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (0.140 g, 0.42 mmol) in EtOAc (2.81 mL) and DMF (1 mL) was added but-3-en-1-amine (0.046 mL, 0.51 mmol) and pyridine (0.068 mL, 0.84 mmol). Next, T3P (0.38 mL, 0.63 mmol) was added dropwise. The resulting clear, yellow solution was allowed to warm to rt. After 3 h, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc, water and 1.5 M K₂HPO₄. The layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic layers were combined and washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give a yellow oil weighing 0.157 g. Purification by normal phase chromatography gave tert-butyl N-[(1S)-1-{4-[(1S,2R)-2-[(but-3-en-1-yl) carbamoyl]cyclopropyl]pyridin-2-yl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate (0.126 g, 77% yield) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 386.2 (M+H)⁺.

31C. Preparation of tert-Butyl N-[(2S,4R,9E,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-12-yl]carbamate

To a flame-dried 100 mL RBF was added tert-butyl N-[(1S)-1-{4-[(1S,2R)-2-[(but-3-en-1-yl) carbamoyl]cyclopropyl]pyridin-2-yl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate (0.063 g, 0.16 mmol), pTsOH (0.033 g, 0.17 mmol) and DCM (32.7 mL). The clear yellow solution was degassed with argon for 30 min. The reaction was then warmed to 40° C. for 1 h. Then a solution of Grubbs II (0.028 g, 0.033 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was heated at 40° C. The reaction was stopped after 2 h and cooled to rt. The reaction was washed with sat. NaHCO₃, brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give an orange brown solid. The crude material was purified by reverse phase chromatography. The pure fractions were neutralized with sat. NaHCO₃ and concentrated to give a white solid. The white solid was partitioned between EtOAc/water and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic layers were combined and washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give N-[(2S,4R,9E,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-12-yl]carbamate (0.038 g, 65% yield) as a clear, colorless residue. MS (EST) m/z: 358.5 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, 60° C., CD₃OD) δ 8.31 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (dd, J=5.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 5.42-5.33 (m, 1H), 4.86-4.77 (m, 1H), 4.70 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (t, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 2.95-2.87 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.36 (m, 3H), 2.22-2.04 (m, 3H), 1.75-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.47-1.30 (m, 9H), 1.28-1.23 (m, 1H).

31D. Preparation of tert-Butyl N-[(2S,4R,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-12-yl]carbamate and 31E. Preparation of tert-Butyl N-[(12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-12-yl]carbamate

A clear, colorless solution of tert-butyl N-[(2S,4R,9E,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-12-yl]carbamate (0.038 g, 0.106 mmol) in EtOH (4.25 ml) was degassed with argon for several minutes and then 10% Pd—C (0.011 g, 10.63 μmol) was added. The reaction was purged with hydrogen from a balloon for several minutes and then the reaction was stirred vigorously under a hydrogen atmosphere. After 24 h, the reaction was stopped and evacuated with argon/vacuum three times. Then Celite® was added and the reaction was filtered eluting with EtOH. The clear, colorless filtrate was concentrated to give a mixture of tert-butyl N-[(2S,4R,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-12-yl]carbamate and tert-butyl N-[(12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-12-yl]carbamate (0.0300 g, 79% yield) as a clear, colorless residue. The mixture was used in the next reaction without further purification. For 31D: MS (ESI) m/z: 360.5 (M+H)⁺. For 31E: MS (ESI) m/z: 362.5 (M+H)⁺.

31F. Preparation of (2S,4R,12S)-12-Amino-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one and 31G. Preparation of (12S)-12-Amino-6,14-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one

A clear, colorless solution of a mixture tert-butyl N-[(2S,4R,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-12-yl]carbamate and tert-butyl N-[(12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-12-yl]carbamate (0.0300 g, 0.083 mmol) in 30% TFA in DCM (3 mL, 0.083 mmol) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated to give a pale, brown residue. The residue was dissolved in DCM and concentrated. This was repeated two more times to give a clear, pale brown residue. This residue was dissolved in MeOH (1 mL) to give a clear pale brown solution. The solution was placed on a pre-rinsed Agilent StratoSpheres SPE PL-HCO₃ MP Resin cartridge. Gravity filtration, eluting with MeOH, gave a clear, colorless filtrate which was concentrated to give a mixture of (2S,4R,12S)-12-amino-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one and (12S)-12-amino-6,14-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one (0.020 g, 92% yield) as an off-white foam. For 31F: MS (ESI) m/z: 260.1 (M+H)⁺. For 31G: MS (ESI) m/z: 262.1 (M+H)⁺.

31H. Preparation of (2S,4R,12S)-12-{4-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one, trifluoroacetate

To a 1-dram vial containing a yellow suspension of 6-(5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)pyrimidin-4-ol (0.024 g, 0.077 mmol) and HATU (0.038 g, 0.10 mmol) in CH₃CN (0.77 mL) was added DBU (0.017 mL, 0.12 mmol). The resulting orange-brown solution was stirred at rt for 20 min. Then a clear, pale brown solution of a mixture of (2S,4R,12S)-12-amino-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one and (12S)-12-amino-6,14-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one (0.020 g, 0.077 mmol) in DMF (0.77 mL) was added. The reaction was stirred overnight at rt. After 16 h, the reaction was stopped. MeOH (0.2 mL) was added and the reaction was purified by reverse phase chromatography which gave, after concentration and lyophilization, (2S,4R,12S)-12-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one, trifluoroacetate (0.0163 g, 31% yield) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 550.1 (M+H)⁺ and 552.1 (M+2+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.58 (s, 1H), 8.49 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J=8.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (dd, J=5.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 6.36 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (dd, J=12.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.48-3.41 (m, 1H), 2.91 (dt, J=13.9, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.66-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.16-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.79 (q, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 1.54-1.41 (m, 3H), 1.33-1.14 (m, 3H), 0.90-0.79 (m, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=6.21 min, purity=99.6%. Factor XIa Ki=12.7 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=81.4 nM.

Example 32. Preparation of (12S)-12-{4-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one, trifluoroacetate

To a 1-dram vial containing a yellow suspension of 6-(5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)pyrimidin-4-ol (0.024 g, 0.077 mmol) and HATU (0.038 g, 0.10 mmol) in CH₃CN (0.77 mL) was added DBU (0.017 mL, 0.12 mmol). The resulting orange-brown solution was stirred at rt for 20 min. Then a clear, pale brown solution of a mixture of (2S,4R,12S)-12-amino-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one and (12S)-12-amino-6,14-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one (0.020 g, 0.077 mmol), prepared as described in Examples 31F and 31G, in DMF (0.77 mL) was added. The reaction was stirred overnight at rt. After 16 h, the reaction was stopped. MeOH (0.2 mL) was added and the reaction was purified by reverse phase chromatography which gave, after concentration and lyophilization, (12S)-12-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one, trifluoroacetate (0.0023 g, 4% yield) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 552.1 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, 60° C., CD₃OD) δ 8.69 (d, J=0.5 Hz, 1H), 8.52-8.49 (m, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dd, J=8.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.43-7.40 (m, 1H), 6.34 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 5.88 (dd, J=12.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.20-3.13 (m, 1H), 2.98-2.91 (m, 1H), 2.87-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.20 (m, 3H), 2.11-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.50 (m, 1H), 1.49-1.11 (m, 5H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=6.36 min, purity=94.1%. Factor XIa Ki=27.8 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=1,890 nM.

Example 33. Preparation of (2S,4R,9E,12S)-12-{4-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-5-one, trifluoroacetate

33A. Preparation of (2S,4R,9E,12S)-12-Amino-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-5-one

A clear, colorless solution of tert-butyl N-[(2S,4R,9E,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-12-yl]carbamate (0.0300 g, 0.084 mmol), prepared as described in Example 31C, in 30% TFA in DCM (3 mL, 0.084 mmol) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated to give a pale, brown residue. The residue was dissolved in DCM and concentrated. This was repeated two more times to give a clear, colorless residue. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (1 mL) to give a clear, colorless solution. The solution was placed on a pre-rinsed Agilent StratoSpheres SPE PL-HCO₃ MP Resin cartridge. Gravity filtration, eluting with MeOH, gave a clear, colorless filtrate which was concentrated to give (2S,4R,9E,12S)-12-amino-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-5-one (0.0218 g, 101% yield) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m/z: 258.2 (M+H)⁺.

33B. Preparation of (2S,4R,9E,12S)-12-{4-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-5-one, trifluoroacetate

To a 1-dram vial containing a yellow suspension of 6-(5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)pyrimidin-4-ol (0.024 g, 0.078 mmol) and HATU (0.038 g, 0.101 mmol) in CH₃CN (0.78 mL) was added DBU (0.018 mL, 0.12 mmol). The resulting orange-brown solution was stirred at rt for 20 min. Then a clear, pale brown solution of (2S,4R,9E,12S)-12-amino-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-5-one (0.020 g, 0.078 mmol) in DMF (0.78 mL) was added. The reaction was stirred overnight at rt. After 19 h, the reaction was stopped and diluted with MeOH (0.20 mL). Purification by reverse phase chromatography gave ((2S,4R,9E,12S)-12-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-5-one, trifluoroacetate (0.0294 g, 57% yield).

MS (ESI) m/z: 548.3 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.61 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.85-7.80 (m, 1H), 7.77-7.73 (m, 1H), 7.38 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.33 (s, 1H), 5.67 (dd, J=12.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 5.48-5.38 (m, 1H), 4.96-4.88 (m, 1H), 3.14-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.81 (m, 1H), 2.61-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.45-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.12-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.76 (q, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 1.26-1.17 (m, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method B) RT=1.52 min, purity=99%. Factor XIa Ki=355 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=3,610 nM.

Example 34. Preparation of (2R,4S,12S)-12-{4-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one, trifluoroacetate. 1(17),13,15-trien-5-one, trifluoroacetate

34A. Preparation of Ethyl (1S,2R)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylate and 31A. Preparation of Ethyl (1R,2S)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylate

A diastereomeric mixture of ethyl (1S,2R)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylate and ethyl (1R,2S)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (0.161 g, 80% yield) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 31A, by replacing ethyl (1S,2S)-2-iodocyclopropane-1-carboxylate with racemic cis-ethyl 2-iodocyclopropane-1-carboxylate.

MS (ESI) m/z: 361.1 (M+H)⁺.

34B. Preparation of tert-Butyl N-[(1S)-1-{4-[(1R,2S)-2-[(but-3-en-1-yl) carbamoyl]cyclopropyl]pyridin-2-yl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate and 31B. Preparation of tert-Butyl N-[(1S)-1-{4-[(1S,2R)-2-[(but-3-en-1-yl) carbamoyl]cyclopropyl]pyridin-2-yl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate

A diastereomeric mixture of tert-butyl N-[(1S)-1-{4-[(1R,2S)-2-[(but-3-en-1-yl) carbamoyl]cyclopropyl]pyridin-2-yl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate and tert-butyl N-[(1S)-1-{4-[(1S,2R)-2-[(but-3-en-1-yl) carbamoyl]cyclopropyl]pyridin-2-yl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate (0.1506 g, 89% yield) was prepared as described in Examples 31B, by replacing ethyl (1R,2S)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylate with a diastereomeric mixture of ethyl (1S,2R)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylate and ethyl (1R,2S)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. MS (ESI) m/z: 386.2 (M+H)⁺.

34C. Preparation of tert-Butyl N-[(2R,4S,9E,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-12-yl]carbamate (Diastereomer A) and 31C. Preparation of tert-Butyl N-[(2S,4R,9E,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-12-yl]carbamate (Diastereomer B)

A diastereomeric mixture of tert-butyl N-[(2R,4S,9E,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-12-yl]carbamate and tert-butyl N-[(2S,4R,9E,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-12-yl]carbamate (0.0842 g, 64% yield) was prepared as described in Example 31C, by replacing tert-butyl N-[(1S)-1-{4-[(1S,2R)-2-[(but-3-en-1-yl) carbamoyl]cyclopropyl]pyridin-2-yl}but-3-en-1-yl]carbamate with a diastereomeric mixture of ethyl (1S,2R)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylate and ethyl (1R,2S)-2-{2-[(1S)-1-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}but-3-en-1-yl]pyridin-4-yl}cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. The diastereomers were separated by normal phase chromatography (Hex/EtOAc) which gave tert-butyl N-[(2R,4S,9E,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-12-yl]carbamate (Diastereomer A, 0.0372 g, 28% yield) as a white solid and tert-butyl N-[(2S,4R,9E,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-12-yl]carbamate (Diastereomer B, 0.0300 g, 23% yield) as a clear, colorless residue.

Diastereomer A:

MS (ESI) m/z: 358.2 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, 60° C., CD₃OD) δ 8.35 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 5.41-5.31 (m, 1H), 4.81-4.72 (m, 1H), 4.53-4.46 (m, 1H), 3.47 (t, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 2.82-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.60-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.21-2.01 (m, 4H), 1.74-1.68 (m, 1H), 1.46-1.28 (m, 9H), 1.23-1.18 (m, 1H).

Diastereomer B:

MS (ESI) m/z: 358.2 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, 60° C., CD₃OD) δ 8.31 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (dd, J=5.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 5.42-5.33 (m, 1H), 4.86-4.77 (m, 1H), 4.70 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (t, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 2.95-2.87 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.36 (m, 3H), 2.22-2.04 (m, 3H), 1.75-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.47-1.30 (m, 9H), 1.28-1.23 (m, 1H).

34D. Preparation of (2R,4S,12S)-12-Amino-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one

Compound (2R,4S,12S)-12-amino-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one (0.0263 g, 96% yield) was prepared as described in Example 31D and 31F, by replacing tert-butyl N-[(2S,4R,9E,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-12-yl]carbamate with tert-butyl N-[(2R,4S,9E,12S)-5-oxo-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-12-yl]carbamate (Diastereomer A). MS (ESI) m/z: 260.1 (M+H)⁺.

34E. Preparation of (2R,4S,12S)-12-{4-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one, trifluoroacetate

Compound (2R,4S,12S)-12-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one, trifluoroacetate (0.0122 g, 32% yield, off-white solid) was prepared as described in Example 31H, by replacing a mixture of (2S,4R,12S)-12-amino-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one and (12S)-12-amino-6,14-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one with (2R,4S,12S)-12-amino-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0²,⁴]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one. MS (ESI) m/z: 550.1 (M+H)⁺ and 552.1 (M+2+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.49 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (dd, J=8.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.65-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.34 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 6.35 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 1H), 5.85 (dd, J=12.5, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.53-3.45 (m, 1H), 2.78-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.69-2.63 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.04-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.38 (m, 1H), 1.34-1.10 (m, 3H), 0.98-0.86 (m, 1H). Analytical HPLC (Method A) RT=6.82 min, purity=99.2%. Factor XIa Ki=96 nM, Plasma Kallikrein Ki=3,100 nM. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: L is independently selected from

---- is an optional bond; Q is independently selected from O, NH, and CH₂; Y is independently selected from N and CR⁷; W is independently selected from —C(O)NH, —NHC(O)—, and —NHC(O)CH₂—; ring A is independently selected from

each R¹ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-4 R^(e), OR^(b), and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 1-4 R⁶; each R² is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-4 R^(e), OR^(b), and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 1-4 R⁶; or alternatively, two adjacent R¹ groups form a bond; R³ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, C₂₋₄ alkenyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, C₂₋₄ alkynyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)—CN, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(N—CN)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(NH)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—N═CR^(b)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═S)NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CR_(d)R_(d))_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, and —(CR_(d)R_(d))_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵; or optionally, two adjacent R³ groups on the carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl may form a ring substituted with 1-5 R⁵; R^(3a) is independently selected from H and C₁₋₄ alkyl; or alternatively, R^(3a) and R³ are taken together to form a saturated C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is substituted with R^(3c); or alternatively, R^(3a) and R¹¹ are taken together to form a C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring comprising carbon atoms and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(3b), O, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is substituted with R^(3c); R^(3b) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NHC(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CR_(d)R_(d))_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, and —(CR_(d)R_(d))_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵; R^(3c) is independently selected from H, NO₂, ═O, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, C₂₋₄ alkenyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, C₂₋₄ alkynyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, CN, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(N—CN)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(NH)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—N═CR^(b)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═S)NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CR_(d)R_(d))_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, and —(CR_(d)R_(d))_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵; R⁴ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, —(CH₂)_(n)NR^(a)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰, —(CH₂)_(n)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(N—CN)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(NH)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—N═CR^(b)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═S)NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰, and —(CH₂)_(n)-4-6 membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰; R⁵, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, deuterium, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR, ═O, —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)CN, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —O-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e); R⁶ is independently selected from H, OH, ═O, —(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)CN, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OH, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—OC₁₋₄ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocycle substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocycle substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocycle substituted with 0-5 R^(e); R⁷ is independently selected from H, CN, OR^(b), halogen, NR^(a)R^(a), and C₁₋₃ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e); R⁸ is independently selected from H, OH, F, Cl, Br, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, CF₃, CN, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, and 5- to 6-membered heterocycle; R¹⁰, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂, ═O, C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), C(═NOH)NH₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), aryl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)—O-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e); R¹¹ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl, and aryl; R^(a), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e); or Ra and Ra, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached, form a heterocyclic ring substituted with 0-5 R^(e); R^(b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆ alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e); R^(c), at each occurrence, is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆alkenyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₂₋₆alkynyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), C₃₋₆carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl; R^(d), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H and C₁₋₄alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e); R^(e), at each occurrence, is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, ═O, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(f), C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl, CO₂H, —(CH₂)_(n)OR^(f), SR^(f), and —(CH₂)_(n)NR^(f)R^(f); R^(f), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H or C₁₋₅ alkyl substituted with F, Cl, Br, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and phenyl; or R^(f) and R^(f), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached, form a heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with C₁₋₄ alkyl; n, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; p, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, and 2; and q, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 1 and 2; with the proviso that when q is 1, W is —C(O)NH—; and further with the proviso that when q is 2, W is —NHC(O)— or —NHC(O)CH₂—.
 2. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: L is independently selected from

each R¹ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(b), and C₃₋₅ cycloalkyl; each R² is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(b), and C₃₋₅ cycloalkyl; or alternatively, two adjacent R¹ groups form a bond; R³ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, C₂₋₄ alkenyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, C₂₋₄ alkynyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)—CN, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(═S)NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)_(p)R, —S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)S(═O)_(p)R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, and —(CH₂)_(n)-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵; or optionally, two adjacent R³ groups on the carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl may form a ring substituted with 1-5 R⁵; R^(3a) is independently selected from H and C₁₋₄ alkyl; or alternatively, R^(3a) and R³ are taken together to form a saturated C₃₋₆ carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is substituted with R^(3c); or alternatively, R^(3a) and R¹¹ are taken together to form a heterocyclic ring comprising carbon atoms and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from NR^(3b) and O, wherein the heterocyclic ring is substituted with R^(3c); R^(3c) is independently selected from H, NO₂, ═O, halogen, and C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵; R⁴ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰, —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰, —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰, and —(CH₂)_(n)-4-6 membered heterocyclyl substituted with 1-5 R¹⁰; and R⁷ is independently selected from H, OR^(b), halogen, NR^(a)R^(a), and C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 3. The compound of claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has Formula (II):

wherein: ring A is independently selected from

each R¹ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and OH; each R² is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and OH; or alternatively, two adjacent R¹ groups form a bond; R³ is independently selected from H, —(CH₂)_(n)—CN, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), and —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a); R^(3a) is independently selected from H and C₁₋₄ alkyl; or alternatively, R^(3a) and R³ are taken together to form

or alternatively, R^(3a) and R¹¹ are taken together to form a heterocyclic ring comprising carbon atoms and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from NR^(3b) and O, wherein the heterocyclic ring is substituted with R^(3c); R^(3c) is independently selected from H, ═O, and C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵; R^(4a) is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, CH₃, C(═O)CH₃, CHF₂, CF₃, C(CH₃)F₂, OCH₃, OCF₃, OCHF₂, aryl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and 4-6 membered heterocyclyl, wherein the aryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl are optionally substituted with R¹⁰; R^(4b) is independently selected from H and halogen; R^(4c) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH(CH₃)₂, and OCH₃; and R⁷ is independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 4. The compound of claim 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has Formula (III):

wherein: R³ is independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n)—CN, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), and —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a); R^(4a) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, Br, CN, CH₃, C(═O)CH₃, CHF₂, CF₃, C(CH₃)F₂, OCH₃, OCF₃, OCHF₂,

R^(4b) is independently selected from H and F; R¹⁰, at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, F, Cl, Br, CN, C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)R^(a), C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), aryl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)—O-4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e); and R^(b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e).
 5. The compound of claim 4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R³ is independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n)—CN, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b), and —(CH₂)_(n)—NR^(a)C(═O)OR^(b);

is independently selected from

and n, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, and
 3. 6. The compound of claim 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has Formula (IV):

wherein: R^(3a) is independently selected from H and C₁₋₄ alkyl; or alternatively, R^(3a) and R¹¹ are taken together to form a heterocyclic ring selected from the group consisting of

R^(3b) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 1-5 R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(n)—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), and —(CH₂)_(n)—NHC(═O)OR^(b); R^(3c) is independently selected from H and ═O;

is independently selected from

and R¹¹ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and phenyl; R^(b), at each occurrence, is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e), and —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl substituted with 0-5 R^(e); R^(e), at each occurrence, is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, ═O, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-5 R^(f), —(CH₂)_(n)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heterocyclyl, and CO₂H; and n, at each occurrence, is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, and
 3. 7. The compound of claim 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has Formula (VI):

wherein: ---- is an optional bond; R³ is H; R^(3a) is H; or alternatively, R^(3a) and R³ are taken together to form

is independently selected from


8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and one or more compounds of claim
 1. 9. A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a thromboembolic disorder in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the thromboembolic disorder is selected from the group consisting of an arterial cardiovascular thromboembolic disorder, a venous cardiovascular thromboembolic disorder, a thromboembolic disorder in the chambers of the heart and a thromboembolic disorder in the peripheral circulation.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the thromboembolic disorder is selected from the group consisting of an acute coronary syndrome, peripheral occlusive arterial disease, arterial embolism, cerebral embolism, renal embolism, pulmonary embolism, unstable angina, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, thrombophlebitis, venous thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, coronary arterial thrombosis, cerebral arterial thrombosis and thrombosis resulting from a medical implant, device or procedure in which blood is exposed to an artificial surface that promotes thrombosis.
 11. A compound selected from the group consisting of: methyl (3R,6R,1S)-10-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3-carboxylate (1); (3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one (2); [(3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15), 11,13-trien-3-yl]methyl N-methylcarbamate (3); methyl N-{2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15), 11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}) carbamate (4); 2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15), 11,13-trien-3-yl]acetonitrile (5); 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-[(3R,6R,10 S)-3-(cyanomethyl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15), 11,13-trien-10-yl]-5-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide (6); methyl N-{2-[(3R,6R,10S)-10-[1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-amido]-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl}carbamate (7); methyl N-{2-[(3S,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-3-yl]ethyl)}carbamate (8); 2-[(3S,6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-azabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15), 11,13-trien-3-yl]acetonitrile (9); (6R,10S)-10-[4-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15), 11,13-trien-5-one (10); 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-N-[(6R,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15), 11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (11); (6R,10S)-10-[4-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]-6-methyl-4,12-diazaspiro[bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane-2,4′-oxane]-1(15), 11,13-trien-5-one (12); 1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-[(6R,10S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15), 11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (13); (6R,10S)-10-{4-[3-chloro-2-fluoro-6-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl}-2,2,6-trimethyl-4,12-iazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15), 11,13-trien-5-one, mono trifluoroacetate (14); N-[(6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′), 11′,13′-trien-10′-yl]-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (15); (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-[4-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′), 11′,13′-trien-5′-one (16); (6′R,10′S)-1-acetyl-10′-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6′-methyl-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-trien-5′-one (17); methyl (6′R,10′S)-10′-{4-[5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6′-methyl-5′-oxo-4′,12′-diazaspiro[azetidine-3,2′-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane]-1′(15′),11′,13′-triene-1-carboxylate (18); (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one (19); 5-chloro-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-[(6R,10S)-2,6-dimethyl-5-oxo-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15), 11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (21); 5-chloro-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-[(6R,10S)-2,6-dimethyl-5-oxo-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15), 11,13-trien-10-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (22); (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-5-one (23); (6R,10S)-10-(4-{5-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenyl}-6-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,12-diazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15), 11,13-trien-5-one (24); (2S,4R,12S)-12-{4-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0^(2,4)]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-trien-5-one, trifluoroacetate (31); (12S)-12-{4-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17), 13,15-trien-5-one (32) (2S,4R,9E,12S)-12-{4-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0^(2,4)]heptadeca-1(17),9,13,15-tetraen-5-one (33); and (2R,4S,12S)-12-{4-[5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl}-6,14-diazatricyclo[11.3.1.0^(2,4)]heptadeca-1(17), 13,15-trien-5-one, trifluoroacetate (34), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 